LABORATORIUM KELAINAN
UROGENITAL
Memberi informasi:
1. Keadaan Ginjal dan saluran kemih
2. Faal hati
3. Saluran empedu
4. Pankreas
5. Korteks adrenal
6. Dll
Air (95%)
Produk sisa terlarut: ureum, kreatinin, as. Urat
Elektrolit: Na, K, Cl, Ca, Fosfat
Hormon: setelah menjalankan fungsi
Komposisi lain: tergantung makanan/cairan/obat
yang dikonsumsi
Menunjang diagnosis
Memantau perjalanan penyakit
Memantau efektivitas pengobatan/komplikasi
Skrining dan pemantauan penyakit
asimptomatik kongenital/herediter
• Urine sewaktu /random
Jenis sampel urine • Urine pagi
• Urine postprandial / 2 jam pp
• Urine 24 jam
PATIENT AT 06.00
GETS UP THE OTHER DAY
URINATES
(AT 06.00)
URINE PASSED DURING
THE REST OF THE DAY
Pemeriksaan rutin • Urine baru
• Jika terpaksa + pengawet urine
ADUK ~ HOMOGEN
MAKROSKOPIK
SEDIMEN
WARNA
BAU SUPERNATAN
KEKERUHAN
KEASAMAN MIKROSKOPIK KIMIA
BERAT JENIS
VOLUME ERITROSIT ALBUMIN
LEUKOSIT GLUCOSE
EPITEL UROBILIN
KRISTAL BILIRUBIN
CAST KETOBODY
BENZIDIN
1. MAKROSKOPIK URINE
WARNA
KUNING MUDA NORMALUROKROM
KUNING TUA BILIRUBIN (?)
FOAM TEST
(-) / MERAGUKAN
MERAH (DARAH?)
SPERMATOZOA
Color : normally , pale to dark yellow
(urochrome)
Abnormal color :
some drugs cause color changes
1. red urine : causes: hematuria
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
2. yellow-brown or green-brown urine:
bilirubin
cause : obstructive jaundice
The average adult : 1000ml to 2000ml/24h
Increase
polyuria---more than 2000ml of urine in 24
hours
1. physiological states: water intake, some
drugs, intravenous solutions
2. pathologic states: diabetes mellitus,
diabetes insipidus
Decrease
Oliguria---less than 400ml of urine in 24 hours
Anuria---less than 100ml of urine in 24 hours
1. prerenal: hemorrhage, dehydration,
congestive heart failure
2. postrenal: obstruction of the urinary tract
(may be stones, carcinoma)
3. renal parenchymal disease:
acute tubular necrosis, chronic renal failure
Normal PH
The average is about 6
Range from 5~9 (depends on diet)/4,7-7,5
Higher PH---alkaline urine
1.drugs: sodium bicarbonate
2.classic renal tubular acidosis
3.alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory)
Lower PH---acid urine
1.drugs: ammonium chloride
2. acidosis (metabolic or respiratory)
KEASAMAN (pH) (N. 4,7 – 7,5) RATA-RATA : 6,0
KERTAS LAKMUS
MERAH = NORMAL
INTOKSIKASI JENGKOL
+ ALBUMINURIA
HEMATURIA
KRISTALURIA
BUAH-BUAHAN KETONURIA
2. MIKROSKOPIK URINE
SLIDE
PEMERIKSAAN
SEL EPITEL
ANORGANIK KRISTAL
SEDIMEN
Red blood cell cast
White blood cell and granular cast
Stained white blood cell cast
Fatty cast
Mucus
Uric acid crystals
Calcium oxalate crystals
Triple phosphate crystals
Cystine crystals
Cholesterol crystals
SIGN GLUCOSE
PEMERIKSAAN KIMIAWI gr/dl
BENEDICT BLUE - 14
(PEMERIKSAAN GLUKOSA) 0-0,1
TRACE GREEN + 28
WITH YELLOW
0,5-1
YELLOW ++ 56
DIPANASKAN 1-1,5
BENEDICT 5 ml
URINE 8 GTT
BROWN +++ 83
1,5-2,5
1000 C
WATER BATH ORANGE ++++ 111
TO BRICK RED
5‘
2,5-4
Reference value
Qualitative method: negative
Glycosuria--- qualitative test is positive
1.hyperglycemia: diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s syndrom
2.without hyperglycemia: renal tubular
dysfunction, such as pyelonephritis
BANG (MANUAL)
SIM- PROT
RESULT
HASIL :
BOL (mg %)
JERNIH - 0
KEKERUHAN SDKT + < 10
PANASKAN SEKALI
BACA KEKERUHAN SDKT
REAGEN 0.5 ml
(TANPA BUTIR2) + 10 - 50
KEKERUHAN ++ 50 - 200
URINE 5 ml ++
BER-BUTIR2
1000 C KEKERUHAN HEBAT +++ ++200 - 500
WATER BATH 10‘ BER-KEPING2
MENGGUMPAL ++++ > 500
Proteinuria---more than 150mg proteins in
urine in 24 hours or qualitative test is
positive
Proteinuria quantification (depend on the
amount of protein )
heavy proteinuria---->4.0g/24 hours
moderate proteinuria----1.0~4.0g/24 hours
minimal proteinuria----<1.0g/24 hours
- Pemeriksaan Kreatinin
- Pemeriksaan Urea
- Laju filtrasi glomerulus
- sistatin C
Pengumpulan Sampel
1. Persiapan pasien
2. Identifikasi pasien
3. Pengambilan sampel
Penanganan Sampel
1. Transpor
2. Pemrosesan
3. Penyimpanan
Faktor Pasien
1. Perubahan posisi
2. Tirah Baring
3. Olah raga
4. Diet dan pengaruh makanan
5. Pengaruh biologis & penyakit
6. Pengaruh obat
¤ Kreatinin: suatu non protein nitrogen yang
merupakan hasil metabolisme kreatin dan keratin
fosfat.
Cystatin C di serum :
20-250 C 7 hari
-200 C 1-2 bulan
- 700 C bertahun-tahun
Kreatinin :
1. Diproduksi relatif konstan
2. Konsentrasi dalam darah dipengaruhi faktor
diluar LFG, misal umur, jenis kelamin, massa
otot, diet
3. Ada extrarenal route kulit, usus
4. Kadar meningkat didarah penurunan
fungsi ginjal
5. Dipengaruhi obat tertentu (simetidin,
trimetoprim)
Stage Description GFR Kondisi
(Ml/min/1.73
m2)
1 Kidney damage with normal >90 Albuminuria,
or increased GFR proteinuria,
hematuria
2 Mild decreased GFR 60-89 Albuminuria,
proteinuria,
hematuria
3 Moderate decreased GFR 30-59 early