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Brunei gained independence from Britain in 1984. It is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, who holds complete executive authority. Brunei adopted Islam in the 14th century and was once a powerful sultanate that controlled parts of Borneo and the Philippines. However, it declined due to internal conflicts and ceded territory to Britain and Sarawak. Today Brunei is a wealthy country due to oil and gas resources. It maintains close relations with other ASEAN countries and the Islamic world.
Brunei gained independence from Britain in 1984. It is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, who holds complete executive authority. Brunei adopted Islam in the 14th century and was once a powerful sultanate that controlled parts of Borneo and the Philippines. However, it declined due to internal conflicts and ceded territory to Britain and Sarawak. Today Brunei is a wealthy country due to oil and gas resources. It maintains close relations with other ASEAN countries and the Islamic world.
Brunei gained independence from Britain in 1984. It is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, who holds complete executive authority. Brunei adopted Islam in the 14th century and was once a powerful sultanate that controlled parts of Borneo and the Philippines. However, it declined due to internal conflicts and ceded territory to Britain and Sarawak. Today Brunei is a wealthy country due to oil and gas resources. It maintains close relations with other ASEAN countries and the Islamic world.
Brief History • Archeological evidence shows Brunei to have been trading with the Asian Mainland as early as CE 518. • Islam become predominant during the 14th century and the Brunei Sultanate rose to prominence during the 15th and 16th century. • The Brunei Sultanate controlled coastal areas of North-West Borneo, parts of Kalimantan and Philippines. • Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline due to internal strife over royal succession. • Spain declared war over Brunei in 1578. • Manila was captured by the Spanish from Brunei, and Christianized. • The Spanish captured the capital of Brunei of that time, Kota Batu on April 16,1578. • Because of cholera or dysentery outbreak, the Spanish abandoned Brunei and returned to Manila. • The country suffered from civil war from 1660 to 1673. • Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful sultan. • In the 1880s, the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued. • The sultan granted land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke, who had helped him quell a rebellion and allowed him to establish the Kingdom of Sarawak. • Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him) leased or annexed more land. Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as the White Rajahs. • Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the Brookes. • British residents were introduced in Brunei under the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906. The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration. • Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien promulgated the nation’s new Constitution on September 29, 1959 which ended the residential system. • In the 1960s, Brunei considered merging with the Federation of Malaysia, which at the time included the provinces of the Malaysian peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore. • A revolt occurred on December 1962, led by the opponents of its monarchy and its proposed inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia. • The idea was opposed by the Brunei People’s Party, which at that time held 16 seats in the 33-member legislative council, and which proposed instead the creation of a state comprising Northern Borneo, Sarawak and Sabah. The Sultan finally decided against joining the Federation. • In 1971, under an agreement with the UK, Brunei ceased to be a British protected state. The constitution was amended to give the Sultan full control over all internal matters, the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign affairs. Brunei became a fully independent sovereign state on 1 January 1984. • Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah is the 29th and current Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei. He is also the first and incumbent Prime Minister of Brunei. The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri (Queen) Pengiran Anak Damit, he succeeded to the throne as the Sultan of Brunei, following the abdication of his father on 4 October 1967. Background • Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan • Population: 436,620 (July 2016 est.) • Ethnic Groups: Malay 65.7%, Chinese 10.3%, other indigenous 3.4%, other 20.6% (2011 est.) • Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese dialects • Religions: Muslim (official) 78.8%, Christian 8.7%, Buddhist 7.8%, other (includes indigenous beliefs) 4.7% (2011 est.) • Location: Southeastern Asia, along the northern coast of the island of Borneo, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia • Total: 5,765 sq km Politics of Brunei • Government: Unitary Islamic Absolute Monarchy • Sultan of Brunei is both head of state and head of government (Prime Minister of Brunei). • Brunei has a Legislative Council with 36 appointed members, that only has consultative tasks. • Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. Executive branch • The Sultan is the head of state and head of government in Brunei and exercises absolute powers and full executive authority under the framework of the 1959 Constitution. • The Sultan is advised by and presides over five councils, which he appoints: Privy Council Council of Succession Religious Council Council of Ministers Legislative Council Legislative branch • The Legislative Council of Brunei is a national unicameral legislature of Brunei. • Roles: 1. Consider and approve budgets and revenue estimates 2. Advise the Sultan on the drive of the government 3. Review policies implemented by the government 4. Pass bills and motion brought by the government and other members of the council • The Council comprises the Sultan, the Crown Prince, cabinet ministers and three types of members: members with titles, members representing districts, and members among outstanding Bruneians. • All members, other than the Sultan, are appointed by the Sultan in accordance with Article 24 of Brunei Constitution. • Since 13 January 2017, the Council has 33 members, including 13 cabinet ministers. • The Council follows the practice of other Commonwealth parliaments. All bills presented in the Council go through three readings. All bills, however, must obtain prior approval from the Cabinet prior to their presentation in the Council. Once a bill is passed, a bill must obtain Royal Assent in order to turn such bill to an Act. Judicial branch • Highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of Court of Appeal and High Court, each with a chief justice and 2 judges); Sharia Court of Appeal (consists of judges appointed by the monarch);
*Brunei has a dual judicial system of secular and
sharia (religious) courts; the Judicial Committee of Privy Council in London serves as the final appellate court for civil cases only • Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch to serve until age 65, and older if approved by the monarch; Sharia Court of Appeal judges appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life • Subordinate courts: Intermediate Court, Magistrate's Courts, Juvenile Court, Small claims courts; Lower Sharia Courts Foreign relations • Brunei has a number of diplomatic missions abroad and has close relations with Singapore, sharing an interchangeable currency regime as well as close military relations with the latter island-state. Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, of which the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are key partners, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Islamic and Arab world outside its region. • In 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. Transnational issues • Territorial disputes Brunei claimed the Limbang territory in Sarawak, Malaysia. But in 2009, a solution was achieved between the two governments when Brunei dropped all claims to Limbang, thus recognising it as a Malaysian territory. The nation also is one of many nations to lay claim to the disputed Spratly Islands. Several small islands situated between Brunei and Labuan, Malaysia, including Kuraman island, are contested between Brunei and Malaysia. However, they are internationally recognised as part of the latter. • Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons: 20,524 (as of2016); thousands of stateless persons, often ethnic Chinese, are permanent residents and their families have lived in Brunei for generations; obtaining citizenship is difficult and requires individuals to pass rigorous tests on Malay culture, customs, and language; stateless residents receive an International Certificate of Identity, which enables them to travel overseas; the government is considering changing the law prohibiting non- Bruneians, including stateless permanent residents, from owning land • Illicit drugs: Drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty.
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