Drying

CPMonterola
 Classification of Drying

• 1. Batch drying- material is inserted into a drying

equipment and stay their for a period of time until
desired drying is achieved.

• 2. Continuous drying-material is continuously added

and removed from the dryer.
 Methods of Drying

• 1. Air drying

• 2. Vacuum drying

• 3. Freeze drying
 Vacuum Drying

• Moisture evaporate faster at low pressures.

• Heat is added indirectly by heated walls.

Freeze Drying
 Equipment for Drying

• 1. Tray dryers

• 2. Vacuum Shelf Dryers

• 3. Continuous tunnel dryer

• 4. Spray dryers
Tray Dryers
 Tray Dryers
Materials are spread in trays
from 10 mm to 100 mm
thickness.
Steam heated air is recirculated
thru the material by a fan.
Generally only about 10 to 20%
of the air is fresh(not
recirculated).
After drying the trays are
replaced with new trays
containing new materials.
 Vacuum Shelf Dryers

• Made of cast iron cabinets

with tightly fitted doors so
that it can be vacuum.

• Generally hot water is used to

heat the walls of the cabinets.
 Vacuum Shelf Dryers
• Generally used for expensive products or heat sensitive products.
Continuous tunnel dryer
Continuous tunnel dryer
 Length of a Drying Conveyor
Calculation
• One thousand kilogram per hour of a material with
30% moisture content (d.b.) is dried in a belt
conveyor drier with a capacity of 50 kg of bone dry
solid per meter of drier. The total drying time is 5.3
hours. Estimate the length of a the drying conveyor.
• A. 74.2 m B. 81.5 m C. 106 m D. 98 m
Spray Dryers
 Spray Dryers

Dried milk powder is

generally formed using
spray drying.
 Spray dryer

• Coffee extract containing 70% water is to be spray

dried using air at 420 K in a 6-m diameter by 6-m
high chamber with centrifugal disc atomizer. The
capacity of the spray drier is _____ lb/hr of feed, if
the final product will have a moisture content of
1%(w.b.) see table 12-36, Perry, 7th ed. Note : this
reference gives an evaporation rate of 3.8 kg/s.
• A. 20500 B. 35000 C. 40500 D. 43200
 Drying Equipment

• 5. Rotary dryers

• 6. Rotary Drum dryers

• 7. Grain dryers
Rotary dryers
Rotary Drum dryers
Grain dryers
Drying Curve
Drying Rate Curve
 Drying Equation 1
-
• R is rate of drying. (kg water/hr.m 2)
Type equation here.
• Q is weight of bone dry solid. (kg)
• A is drying area,m2
• W is total moisture content dry basis (db)
(kg water/kg dry solid)
• θ is drying time in hours
 Drying Equation 2
• W = X + X*

• W is total moisture content dry basis (d.b.)

(kg water/kg dry solid)

• X is free moisture content. (kg water/kg dry solid)

• X* is equilibrium moisture content

Drying Equation 3: Constant Rate
of Drying
 Sample problem

• The critical moisture content of banana is 2%. It

took 4 hours to dry from 20% to 10%. How long will
it take to dry from 20% to 5%?
Drying Equation 3: Falling Rate
Period
 Sample Board Problem 1

• A wet material having a critical moisture content of

15% (d.b.) and an equilibrium moisture content of
3% (d.b.) took 6 hours to dry from 45% (d.b.) to
10%(d.b.). The time it will take to dry to 15%(d.b.) is
• A. 4.9 hours
• B. 3.9 hours
• C. 5.5 hours
• D. none of these
 Sample Board Problem 2

• The rate of drying at constant rate period is 20

lbs/hr . 400 lbs of dry solid containing 300lbs water
enter the drier. If the critical free moisture is 0.5(d.b.)
and the equilibrium moisture content is 0.05 (d.b.),
the drying time to dry the material to 5%
moisture(w.b.) is
• A. 67.5 hours B. 47.5 hours
• C. 56.5 hours D. 76.5 hours
 Seat work 1

• Wet solid are to be dried from 40% to 10% in 5

hours under constant drying conditions. The critical
moisture content is 20% and the equilibrium
moisture content is 7% . All moisture contents are on
dry basis. The time needed to dry from 15% to 5%
free moisture under the same drying condition is __.
• A. 3.42 hours B. 1.846 hours
• C. 0.542 hours D. 2.129 hours
 Sample Board Problem 3

A tray drier is to be used for drying a solid material.

Each tray is 3 ft wide by 4 ft long and the wet material
has a depth of 1.8 in. The density of the wet material is
45 lb/ft3. The wet material contains 3.5 lb water per
pound of dry solid. How many trays are necessary to
obtain 2500 lb of a product containing 1 lb of water
per pound of dry solid?
a. 70 b. 65 c. 75 d. 60
 Sample Board Problem 4

A 100 kg batch granular solids containing 30%

moisture is to be dried in a tray drier to 12% of
moisture by passing a current of air 350K tangentially
across its surface at a velocity of 1.8 m/s. If the
constant rate of drying under these conditions is 0.80
g/m2.s and the critical moisture content is 10%. The
drying time is approximately equal to___. Assume the
drying surface to be equal to 0.03 m2/kg dry weight.
a. 8.33 h b. 3.38 h c. 5.83 h d. 7.53 h
 Sample Board Problem 5

• Given a solid material containing 120% moisture on

a dry basis, the equivalent moisture content on a wet
basis in percent moisture is
• A. 20
• B. 54.5
• C. 12
• D. none of these
 Sample Board Problem 6

• The amount of water to be removed from 2000

kg/hr of feed to be dried from 110% (d.b.) to 5%
(w.b.) is____ kg/hr.
• A. 998
• B. 948
• C. 451
• D. 910
 1st order drying equation

The drying rate is proportional to

the moisture content. If half of the
moisture content of a material is
dried in 2 hours, then three fourths
will be dried in 4 hours.
A. true B. false
 Seat work

A porous material dries in the open air at a rate

approximately proportional to its moisture content. If a
sheet hang in the wind loses half its free moisture in
the first hour, when will it have lost 85%? Weather
condition remaining the same.
a. 4.72 h b. 3.24 h c. 2.74 h d. 7.24 h
 Humidity (H)

• H = kg of water/kg of dry
air

• H = (18/29) PH20/(P- PH20)

 Percent Relative Humidity (RH)

• RH = 100 (PH20 /P*H20 )

• RH = 100 (PH20 /PsH20 )

 Humid heat (Cs)

• The specific heat of air water mixture.

• Cs = 1.005 + 1.88H (in kJ/kg.K)

• Cs = 0.24 + 0.45H (in BTU/lbm.R)
 Humid volume VH

• Humid volume is the volume of air in ft3 or m3 per 1

lbm or per kg of dry air at 1 atm at a specified
temperature.

• VH = (22.415) ( T/273) (1/29 + H/18)

• Vh = 359 (T/492) (1/29 + H/18)
A continuous dryer is designed to produce 20,000 kg of product
containing 5%water in a 24h period. The product enters the dryer with
35%water. The air used for drying has an inlet temperature of 20°C and a
relative humidity of 45%, and it is preheated to 55°C before it is fed to the
dryer. The air leaves the dryer full saturated at 32°C.
1. What is the mass flowrate of dry (0% moisture) solid?
a. 792 kg/h b. 833 kg/h c. 896 kg/h d. 948 kg/h
2. What is the feed rate of the wet solid (35% moisture) to the dryer?
a. 1055 kg/h b. 1218 kg/h c. 1281 kg/h d. 1346 kg/h
3. What is the rate of removal of water from the wet solid in the dryer?
a. 385 kg/h b. 427 kg/h c. 483 kg/h d. 548 kg/h
4. What is the moisture content of the air entering the dryer?
a. 0.0048 kg water/kg dry air c. 0.0058 kg water/kg dry air
b. 0.0052 kg water/kg dry air d. 0.0065 kg water/kg dry air
A continuous dryer is designed to produce 20,000 kg
of product containing 5%water in a 24h period. The
product enters the dryer with 35%water. The air used
for drying has an inlet temperature of 20°C and a
relative humidity of 45%, and it is preheated to 55°C
before it is fed to the dryer. The air leaves the dryer
full saturated at 32°C.
5. What is the relative humidity of the air entering the dryer?
a. 7% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%
6. What is the moisture content of the air leaving the dryer?
a. 0.016 kg water/kg dry air c. 0.031 kg water/kg dry air
b. 0.021 kg water/kg dry air d. 0.050 kg water/kg dry air
7. What volumetric flow rate of air must be fed to the pre-heater?
a. 1.6 m3/s b. 2.4 m3/s c. 3.1 m3/s d. 3.8 m3/s
8. What is the rate at which heat is added in the pre-heater?
a. 146 kW b. 155 kW c. 162 kW d. 172 kW