4 Hardware Rope Slings

Hardware, Wire Rope, Slings
Module: 4
Objectives:
1. Identify types of wire rope, slings
and hardware.
2. Inspect for, and identify signs of

wear and damage.
3. Correctly select and use rigging

hardware.
4. Identify signs of wear and damage

to slings.
5. Identify safe sling configurations.
6. Calculate working load limits of slings.
Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 1
Wire Rope: 4 Basic Constructions
Ordinary Construction Warrington Construction
6x19 fibre core 8x19 fibre core 6x19 fibre core 8x19 fibre core
Seale Construction Filler Construction
6x19 IWRC 8x19 fibre core 6x21 fibre core 8x19 IWRC

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 2
Examples of Rope Damage: Worn , Abraded
Enlarged view of single strand
When surface wires are worn by 1/3 or more of their

diameter, the rope must be replaced.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 3
Examples of Wire Rope Damage: Bird Caging
Torsional unbalance…typical at
anchorage end of multi-fall
crane application
Sudden release of tension and

rebound of rope from overloaded
condition.
‘Bird cage’ wire rope forced

through a undersized sheave

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 4
Examples of Wire Rope Damage: Kinks/Core Protrusion
Kinks can result from improper handling,

uncoiling and wrong D/d ratio, leading to
severe damage.
Core protrusion as a result of torsional

unbalance created by shock loading
Protrusion of IWRC resulting

from shock loading

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 5
Wire Rope: Procedures and Precautions
1. Select Correct Rope
2. Inspect regularly
3. Never overload
4. Never use “frozen “ rope

(corroded, brittle, inflexible)
5. Use larger size rope when:

- exact load weight is unknown
- possibility of shock load
- severe conditions
- hazard to personnel
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 6
Wire Rope: Procedures and Precautions (cont’d)
6. Use softeners
7. Avoid dragging rope
8. Store in clean, dry place
9. Never use damaged rope
10. Maintain as per manufacturer’s instructions

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 7
Effect of Sling Angle on Sling Loads

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 8
Sling Configurations
2-LEG 4-LEG
3.
1. BRIDLE BRIDLE
HITCH HITCH
Note: With 3 leg and

4 leg bridles, load
may be carried by
only 2 legs while the
2
other legs merely
balance it.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 9
WARNING:
Sharp sling angles reduce capacity. Softeners
protect the slings and increase sling angle.
NOTE: Capacity of basket hitches

is affected by their sling angles.
Single Basket Hitch

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 10
Double Basket Hitch

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 11
Hitch compresses load

and keeps it from Pair of double-wrap
slipping out of slings basket hitches
Double-Wrap Basket Hitch

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 12
Choker Hitch
Not suited
to long, loose
Bundles.
“Doubled” used
to turn loads
Does not fully support loose

loads – material can fall out.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 13
Double Choker Hitch
2 single chokers
attached to the
load and spread
to provide load
stability.
Does NOT
completely
grip the load.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 14
Double Wrap Choker

compresses load.
Pair
Single

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 15
Sling Configurations – Multi-Tiered Load
O. Reg. 213 - sec. 103.1
- 2 or 3 individually rigged structural steel pieces that are;
1. suspended so that they remain horizontal;
2. aligned vertically;
3. Moved simultaneously by a crane
• Requires written procedures to ensure safety of workers. Shall be

prepared by a professional engineer.
• Constructor must give notice to M.O.L. BEFORE first load is lifted.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 16
Slings: Centre of Gravity (C of G)
No.
C. of G. is above the
1. Is it stable?
lift points.
No. Load will shift

until C. of G. is below Yes. Hook is
2. Is it stable? 3. Is it stable?
hook. over C. of G.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 17
Single Vertical Wire Rope Hitch - Field Calculation Formula
Single Vertical Hitch

W.L.L. – Wire Rope
W.L.L. = D2 x 8
Examples:
½” wire rope
½ x ½ x 8 = 2 tons
5/8” wire rope

5/8 x 5/8 x8 = 3 1/8 tons
1” wire rope
1 x 1 x 8 = 8 tons

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 18
2-Leg Wire Rope Bridle Hitch - Angle and WLL
450 & 600 sling angles are easiest to identify in the field.
When L = S x 3/4 When L = S, Sling angle = 600
Sling angle = 450
eg., S=12’
Eg., S= 12’ L=12’
L = 12 x 3/4 = 9’
Capacities for these (and other) angles are found in tables of

WLLs…
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 19
Sample Wire Rope Sling Table
For fabricated
bridle hitches -
Load rating tag
may also be
provided by the
manufacturer.
Or, capacity can be estimated using a simple formula…

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 20
2 Leg Wire Rope Bridle Hitch: Field Calculation Formula
= D2 x 8 x H/L x 2
H/L h/l
Example: ½” wire rope.
H=3 and L=4
D x D x 8 x H/L x 2
½ x ½ x 8 x ¾ x 2 = 3 tons
(for 2-leg hitch)

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 21
3-Leg Wire Rope Bridle Hitch: Field Calculation Formula
• WLL
= WLL (of single vertical hitch) x
H/L x 2
• When legs are not of equal length

use smallest H/L ratio
• Note: Certain irregular or rigid

loads may be carried by only 2 of
the 3 legs. In these cases, use the
formula for a 2-leg bridle.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 22
4- Leg Wire Rope Bridle Hitch: Field Calculation Formula
• Loads may only be carried by 2

legs while 3rd and 4th legs merely
balance load.
• Therefore, use WLL of single

vertical hitch x H/L x2.
• When legs are not of equal length

use smallest H/L ratio

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 23
Single Basket Hitch: Field Calculation Formula
Inclined legs – WLL

= WLL (of single vertical
hitch) x H/L x 2
Vertical legs – WLL

= WLL (of single vertical hitch)
x2

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 24
Chain - Identification For overhead lifting use only
alloy steel chain grade 80
marked with – 8, 80, or 800
Chain links Master link
Chain slings usually have

an I.D. tag. Always check
that rated capacity is
based on D.F. of 5. Some
chain slings are based on
D.F. of 3.5 or 4 and must
be de-rated.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 25
Chain - Inspection
Inspect all links for bends,
twists and damage
Twisted
link
When new, gauge a
length of the chain
Measure length
Look for chain stretch of 10 – 20 links
during inspections
Re-measure the
same number of
Look for links after use to
chain gauge amount of
stretch stretch

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 26
Chain - Inspection
Inspect all links for gouges, chips and cuts
Inspect all links for wear at bearing surface

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 27
WB
Synthetic Web Slings: Characteristics
Synthetic
web
1. Nylon or polyester
slings do not
damage or
2. Resists alkalis and acids W.L.L.
crush loads
3. Less tendency to crush
4. Not affected by moisture

Web slings
5. Will not rust mold
themselves
6. Non-sparking to the load
7. Absorbs shock load

NOTE: W.L.L.
8. Soft-molds to shape of load must be marked on sling
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 28
Synthetic Web Sling Designs
Steel end fittings - allow the sling to be

easily used in basket or choker
configuration.
Triangle/triangle - Used only in
vertical and basket configurations.
Eye & Eye slings - Can be rigged in any

configuration
Endless sling – versatile, general purpose -

can be rigged in any configuration, can be
readily adjusted to compensate for wear.
Wide Body - used in basket hitch -

heavy duty sling for load stability.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 29
Synthetic Web Slings: Signs of Damage & Wear
Inspect web slings BEFORE every use!
Acid Damage
Heat Damage
Punctures & Snags Cuts, Tensile Damage

Cuts
Tensile Break
Abrasion Damage
Illegible or Missing Tag Face Cuts
DO NOT USE DAMAGED WEB SLINGS!

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 30
Protective Sleeves & Wear Pads
• Wear pads - provide Wear Pads
extra protection at wear
points. Can be sewn on
both sides of sling, on sling Sling surface
Eye pad
edges, or in sling eyes.
• Sleeves - protect Sling edge

sling on both sides. Sleeves
Can be positioned at
various points to Eye Sleeve Cordura Sleeve
accommodate for
changing positions of
concentrated ‘Ready’ Sleeve
Leather Sleeve
wear. Best for cut Attaches with ‘hook & loop’
protection when
handling material Kevlar Sleeve
with sharp edges.
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 31
Web Sling - Working Load Limits (WLL)
All web slings must carry a V-3300 lbs

load rating tag as specified
C-2475 lbs
in the Regulations for
Construction Projects. B-6600 lbs

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 32
Metal Mesh Slings
• Excellent for lifting objects with sharp or

hot edges, such as plate steel or bar stock.
• Wide load bearing surface enhances load

balancing, helps prevent slippage.
• Steel fabricating and machine shops have

excellent applications for mesh slings.
• Look for load rating capacity stamping or

tag.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 33
Want more information?
“Slings” - Contents
 Sling Configurations
 Sling Angles
 Working Load Limits
 Centre of Gravity
 Wire Rope Slings
 Chain Slings
 Synthetic Web Slings
 Metal Mesh Slings
 Fibre Rope Slings

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 34
HOOKS Hook Inspection Areas
Alloy Recommended
Wear Check for wear,
and Cracks, and
 Must have safety catch
twisting deformation
 W.L.L. should be marked Opening up at tip
 Inspect regularly
Wear and cracks

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 35
Hook Loading: Back load Tip load
How do we
prevent this
hazard?
Never Back Load
Never
Tip Load

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 36
Hook Loading: Back load Tip load
90
45/90 Rule Keep sling

angles to
When placing two (2) 45/90 or less.
sling legs in hook, angle
from vertical to
outermost leg must not be
greater than 45 degrees.
Included angle 90
between the legs must
not exceed 90 degrees.
Mrb/CUPE 3585 45
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 45 What about loads requiring
greater sling angles? 37
For two leg slings with angles greater than 90
Hardware, Wire Rope,
degrees or slings with more than 2 legs:
Slings
• Use master link, screw pin or bolt type

shackle to collect sling legs.
• Provides in-line load on the hook.
Master link or shackle = 100% rated capacity

(WLL) when symmetrically loaded with 2 sling
legs up to 120 degree included angle.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 38
Hook Loading: Sling hooks - NEVER…
Side Load Back Load Tip Load

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 39
Weld-On Hooks
• Welding is to be performed by
a qualified welder using qualified
procedure.
• Only welded to equipment in an area (load

point) approved by the equipment
manufacturer.
• Strength of the weld-on hook depends

on method of attachment.
Inspect these hooks BEFORE each

use. Look for cracks in the welds and
distortion of the hook body.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 40
WB
Wire Rope Clips
Forged alloy steel recommended
Fist Grip U-Bolt
When made of drop-forged steel, clips will develop approximately

80% of rope strength when installed properly in terms of:
AMOUNT - SPACING - TORQUE
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 41
WB
Wire Rope Clips
U-Bolt Clip Installation U-section
Apply
Apply all
1st other clips.
clip one Space
base evenly
Always use Saddle
6width
to 7 rope
fromdiameters
dead end
Apply apart.
with
a as
2nd clip thimble
close
live end resting in saddle.
to loop as possible.
The U-section of the clip
must be in contact with the
dead end of the rope – Not
the saddle.
Apply tension and torque nuts.
“NEVER SADDLE A DEAD HORSE”
If even one clip is installed

incorrectly, efficiency of
connection may be reduced by
up to 40%
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 42
Clip Installation

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 43
Shackles
 Sized by diameter of
bow section
 Embossed with WLL
 Never replace pin with

a bolt

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 44
Shackles
Do not use screw pin shackle where it may unscrew.
 

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 45
ShacklesHardware, Wire Rope, Slings
Bolt Type
Check that shackle is not
opening up (Spreading)
Check that pin is

always seated
(Threads)
Round Pin
Which type is most commonly
used in construction rigging
Check for wear
applications? and straightness
Screw Pin W.L.L.
Check for wear
Screw Pin Anchor type:

most commonly used
Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 46
Shackles
Side Loading Reduction: Screw Pin and Bolt Type Shackles Only
† DO NOT SIDE LOAD ROUND PIN SHACKLES
† Round pin shackle
50%
70%
100% 100%
Angle loading must be applied in the plane of the bow.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 47
WB
Shackles
Shackles: Symmetrically loaded with two slings:
Never Exceed 120° included angle.
Use Bolt Type and Screw Pin Shackles ONLY.
100% WLL

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 48
WB
Eyebolts: Shoulderless Type:
• Should be forged alloy steel

• Embossed with WLL
• Size by diameter of shank
• Recommended for inline pull ONLY
Eye bolt Ring bolt
Angle pull will bend or break. Correct

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 49
Eyebolts: Shoulder Type:
Correct WLL is 100%

Bolt tightened
in place.
Nut properly
torqued
Correct Packed with

correct size
washers for 450 = 30% of WLL
shoulder contact 900 = 25% of WLL
WLL is reduced

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 50
Snatch Blocks
• Used to change direction of
pull on line
• Available for both wire and

fibre rope
• Keep hands and body away from
block sheaves, swivels, and
"pinch points" where rope touches
block parts or loads.
• Do not side load tackle blocks.
• Make sure the side opening is

properly secured and will not open
up during use.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 51
Stress on block and supporting structure varies with angle
between load and load line.
2000 lb. 1840 lb. 1410 lb.
1000 lb. 1000 lb.

1000 lb.
760 lb.
1000 lb.

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 52
Turnbuckles:
• Used to adjust the length
of a sling leg
• Always use a lock wire if

subjected to vibration or
rope torque. (Lock nuts
may be available from the
manufacturer)
• Inspect for: Cracks,

bends, thread damage,
bent rods

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 53
Hoisting and Rigging – Basic Safety Training

Mrb/CUPE 3585
Mod. 4. (c) CSAO 2006 54

4 Hardware Rope Slings

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Hardware, Wire Rope, Slings

2. Inspect for, and identify signs of

3. Correctly select and use rigging

4. Identify signs of wear and damage

5. Identify safe sling configurations.

6. Calculate working load limits of slings.

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Ordinary Construction Warrington Construction

Seale Construction Filler Construction

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Enlarged view of single strand

When surface wires are worn by 1/3 or more of their

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Sudden release of tension and

‘Bird cage’ wire rope forced

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Kinks can result from improper handling,

Core protrusion as a result of torsional

Protrusion of IWRC resulting

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

1. Select Correct Rope

4. Never use “frozen “ rope

5. Use larger size rope when:

7. Avoid dragging rope

8. Store in clean, dry place

9. Never use damaged rope

10. Maintain as per manufacturer’s instructions

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Note: With 3 leg and

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

NOTE: Capacity of basket hitches

Single Basket Hitch

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Double Basket Hitch

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Hitch compresses load

Double-Wrap Basket Hitch

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Does not fully support loose

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Double Choker Hitch

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Double Wrap Choker

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

- 2 or 3 individually rigged structural steel pieces that are;

1. suspended so that they remain horizontal;

3. Moved simultaneously by a crane

• Requires written procedures to ensure safety of workers. Shall be

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

No. Load will shift

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Single Vertical Hitch

5/8” wire rope

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

Capacities for these (and other) angles are found in tables of

Or, capacity can be estimated using a simple formula…

(for 2-leg hitch)

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

• When legs are not of equal length

• Note: Certain irregular or rigid

Hoisting & Rigging - Basic Safety Traniing

• Loads may only be carried by 2