RCC LINTEL

•A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like

doors, windows etc. in buildings to support the
load from the structure above. The width of lintel
beam is equal to the width of wall, and the ends
of it is built into the wall.

•Lintel made of reinforced concrete are widely

used to span the openings for doors, windows,
etc. in a structure because of their strength,
rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease in
construction. These are suitable for all the loads
and for any span.
Bearing of Lintel
• The bearing provided should be the minimum of
following 3 cases:
• 10 cm
• Height of beam
• 1/10th to 1/12th of span of the lintel.
• The thickness is equal to thickness of wall and width depends on width of span
and magnitude of loading.

• Main reinforcement is provided at the bottom and half of these bars are cranked
at the ends.

• Shear stirrups are provided to resist transverse shear.

 Cranking
(bars bent up at
ends)
• The slab is supported at two ends.

•The maximum tensile stress that is

positive moments (sagging) acting in the
middle of the slab and the maximum
compressive stress that is negative
moments (hogging) acting at both ends
of support.

•So bottom steel is required at the mid

span and top steel resists negative
moments at the supports.

•A bent-up bar called as crank bar is

provided to make RCC slab safe from
compressive stresses.
• When bent up bars are provided, the strength and
deformation capacity of slabs with bent up bars compared
to slabs without bent up bars is sufficiently increased.

So crank bars are generally provided for the following reasons:

1. To resist negative bending moment (hogging).

2. To resist shear force which is greater at supports.
3. To reduce the risk of a brittle failure of slab-column
connection.
4. To reduce the amount of steel used.
5. For the economization of materials.
R.C.C lintel over a window with Overhang
RCC lintel with overhang
 Retaining walls
• Basic function – To retain soil at a slope which is greater than it
would naturally assume, usually at a vertical or near vertical
position

• An Earth-retaining structure for the whole or part of its height

on one face, the other being exposed to the elements.

• Most small height retaining walls are built entirely of brickwork or

a combination of brick facing and block work or mass concrete
backing.

• To reduce hydrostatic pressure on the wall from ground water an

adequate drainage system in the form of weep holes should be
used.
 Angle of repose
• Angle of repose of a granular material is the
steepest angle of dip or descent relative to
the horizontal plane to which a material can
be piled without slumping.
• At this angle, the material on the slope face is
on the verge of sliding.
• Angle of repose can range from 0° to 90°
Forces (pressures acting on retaining wall)
Pressures acting on a retaining wall
1. Active Earth Pressures-
i) Pressures which tend to move the wall at all times.
ii) Consist of the wedge of earth retained plus any
hydrostatic pressure.
iii) The latter can be reduced by including a subsoil
drainage system (weep holes) behind and/or through
the wall.

2. Passive Earth Pressures

i) These are a reaction of an equal and opposite force
to any imposed pressure thus giving stability by
resisting movement.
Pressures acting on a retaining wall
Small height retaining walls-b/w 1.0 to 3.0 m
Brick retaining wall

• Rule of thumb for

small height brick
retaining walls is:

• Height should lie

between two to
four times the wall
thickness.

• Stability can be
checked by
applying the
middle third rule
 Retaining Walls up to 6.0 high
• They are medium height retaining walls .
• Have the primary function of retaining soils at
an angle in excess of the soil's natural angle of
repose.
• Walls within this height range are designed to
provide the necessary resistance by either
their own mass or by the principles
of leverage.
• E.G. RCC cantilever retaining walls.
 Retaining Walls up to 6.0 high
Designed primarily to ensure that:
1. Overturning of the wall does not occur.
2. Forward sliding of the wall does not occur.
3. Materials used are suitable and not
overstressed.
4. The subsoil is not overloaded.
 Retaining Walls up to 6.0 high
Factors affecting design:
1. Nature and characteristics of the subsoil(s).

2. Height of water table – The presence of water can create:

i) Hydrostatic pressure on the rear face of the wall,

ii) It can also affect the bearing capacity of the subsoil together
with its shear strength,
iii) Reduce the frictional resistance between the underside of the
foundation and the subsoil.
iv) Reduce the passive pressure in front of the toe of the wall.

3. Type of wall.

4. Material(s) to be used in the construction of the wall.

Terminology
Modes of failure
 Modes of failure

It is the sliding of wall away from backfill when there is

shearing failure at the base of wall.
 Modes of failure

Overturning failure is rotation of wall about its toe due to

exceeding of moment caused due to overturning forces to
resisting forces.
 Modes of failure

The pressure exerted by resultant vertical force at toe of wall

must no exceed the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
• The castle village is located in historic Washington heights section of Manhattan.
• Five buildings, 575 unit co-operative housing complex is located on the top of hill behind the
wall.
•The collapse was caused due to structural failure resulting from increased pressure developed
behind the wall due to build up of ground water throughout the years.
•The retaining wall has moved about 2 feet from its initial position when it was constructed.
 Retaining wall- Types
• Gravity wall- Brick or stone retaining wall of
height between 1.0 m to 3.0m

• Cantilever wall-RCC cantilever retaining wall of

height up to 6.0 m

• Counterfort wall- for heights above 6.0 m.

 Gravity or mass retaining walls
• These walls rely mainly on their own mass to
overcome the tendency to slide forward.
• Mass retaining walls are not generally considered
to be economic over a height of 1.8 m when
constructed of brick or concrete and 1.0 m high in
the case of natural stonework.
• Any mass retaining wall can be faced with
another material but generally any applied facing
will not increase the strength of the wall and is
therefore only used for aesthetic reasons.
Cantilever – T and L type