Seneca College: Fiber Optics Communications

SENECA COLLEGE
School of Electronics &Computer Engineering
Fiber Optics Communications

CHAPTER-11
OPTICAL MULTIPLEXING
By Harold Kolimbiris
2018-11-18 1
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 INTRODUCTION
 Multiplexing is the process whereby several optical signals are combined
and then transmitted through a single fiber.
 The continuous drive for higher system capacities, flexibility and

simplicity, necessitated the implementation of multiplexing in optical fiber
links.
 Multiplexing, as applied to optical fiber systems, underwent a

transformation from electrical to optical, to fully optical.
2018-11-18 2
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 INTRODUCTION cont.
 Initially, the three well-known and widely applied multiplexing techniques
in traditional digital communications systems.
 These are:
 i) Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (FDM),
 ii) Time-Division-Multiplexing (TDM)
 iii) Code-Division-Multiplexing (CDM).
2018-11-18 3
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CDMA)

 Code Division Multiplex Access (CDMA) techniques are mainly used for
local area optical networks (LANs).
 The basic objective in such an optical system is to utilize the available

channel bandwidth for the highest possible data rate transmission,
accessible to the largest possible number of users.
 CDMA owes its development to the rapid growth of mobile and satellite
communications systems.
2018-11-18 4
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The utilization of code division multiple access in local area networks

(LANs) allows for the implementation of such schemes as ALOHA and
carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD).
 The efficient utilization of the optical channel is mainly based on the fact
that network users can access the channel in an asynchronous mode.
 That is, a large number of users can simultaneously access the same
channel through the asynchronous mode of transmission without having to
wait until the channel is idle.
2018-11-18 5
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 This is a definite advantage considering the alterative to TDMA in which

each user is assigned only a portion of the available channel.
 Therefore, the addition of new users can easily be implemented through a

CDMA scheme in very dense, high rate LAN networks.
 Optical fibers exhibiting bandwidth length-product (BL) on the order of

1THz/km, and attenuations on the order of 0.2dB/km, are ideal for CDMA
optical LAN applications.
2018-11-18 6
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Performance of such CDMA optical LANs is subject to electronic

component limitations, used to convert signals from electrical to optical
and back from optical to electrical
 This significant performance limitation encountered in such networks can

be remedied through the design of an all-optical signal processing
mechanism, inserted at those specific points in the link where they are
required most.
 In such schemes, optical encoders and decoders can be utilized in

conjunction with single mode optical sources and optical modulators
2018-11-18 7
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 An all-optical signal processing system eliminates the need for wide

bandwidth photodetector diodes, and significantly reduces the probability of
data congestion subject to optical sequence generation and correlation.
 Optical signal processing techniques in CDMA LAN systems are

classified as,
 i) Coherent
 ii) Non-coherent.
2018-11-18 8
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Coherent optical processing

 In a coherent optical signal-processing scheme, the optical pulses are
converted to phase coherent code sequences by the optical encoder, then
transmitted through a single fiber to the input of the optical decoder where
the opposite process takes place.
 This process allows for the use of bipolar instead of unipolar code
sequences.
 Bipolar code sequences correlate to those used in mobile and satellite

systems utilizing spread spectrum technology.
2018-11-18 9
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Incoherent optical processing

 Incoherent optical processing is based on light intensity variations: light is
either in On- state or Off-state.
 This method of optical signal processing is much simpler than the coherent
method,
 Because is based on optical intensity variations of the decoder module, the

environmental interferences encountered with coherent signal processing
are eliminated.
2018-11-18 10
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Furthermore, incoherent optical signal processing can only process signals

with relatively small code weight-to-length sequence ratio.
 However, both coherent and incoherent optical CDMA systems may be

implemented based on data requirements and related technical and
economic considerations.
 Synchronous-CDMA with modified prime sequence

 Such a system utilizes unipolar data (1,0); the 1-bit is represented by a
code sequence waveform representing the bit address.
2018-11-18 11
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The length (N) of the sequence is subject to the bit period (T), subdivided
into smaller units referred to as chips, whose number is determined by the
required code sequence.
 Therefore, the number of chips is given by the ratio of the bit period (T) to
the chip pulse duration ().
 Where, T
Number of chips=
 T=Bit period (s) 
 =Chip period (s)
2018-11-18 12
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 At the decoder input, the received optical sequence is correlated with the
decoder address
 If the received signal has arrived at the desired address, a strong

autocorrelation will occur (high peak).
 On the other hand, if the received signal has arrived at the wrong address, a cross-
correlation will occur
 It is therefore necessary that each receiver exhibit a strong autocorrelation

function in order to differentiate the desired from undesired signals.
2018-11-18 13
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 An error probability comparison of synchronous-CDMA and

conventional-CDMA is illustrated in fig-1
1
P=10
2
10
P=18
4
10
P=25
6
10
8
Error probability P (e)

10 P=30
10
10
12
10
14
10
16
10
18
10
CDMA
10 20 S/CDMA
Error probability between SCDMA and CDMA. Fig-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Number of simultaneous users (K)
2018-11-18 14
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Synchronous-CDMA optical system

 The block diagram of a synchronous CDMA optical system is illustrated in
fig-2 Data Data
Input Output
10 Gb/s 10 Gb/s
Optical fiber
delay line Threshold
Pulse Clock 1500nm
detector /
generator source laser
regenerator
1300nm Photo
laser 1x7 7x1 1x7 7x1 2x1 detector
Optical
Spliter Combiner fiber Spliter Combiner Coupler
Encoder Decoder
Synchronous CDMA optical system. Fig-2
2018-11-18 15
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Operation
 The optical S/CDMA link is designed to process 10Mb/s of binary data.
 The 10Mb/s input data is fed into the pulse generator whose function is to
produce a 2ns pulse every time the 1-bit appears at its input.
 The 2ns electric pulse is used to drive the laser diode, generating a 2ns
optical pulse at a 1300nm wavelength
 The 2ns optical pulse generated by the laser diode is equal to the desired
chip width
2018-11-18 16
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The optical pulse is then fed into the input of the optical encoder designed
to generate the required address sequence of the corresponding receiver.
 In the encoder, a 1splitter is used to split the optical pulse, then delay it
through seven-fiber delay lines, so designed to reflect only the 1s at the
corresponding receiver address.
 A 7 optical combiner is used to combine the delayed pulses and then form
the desired code sequence
2018-11-18 17
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Furthermore, a directional coupler is used to process the formed optical

code sequence through the fiber to the input of the photodetector diode in
order for the signal to be converted back to electrical
 The optical decoder is designed to recognize the exact address sequence of

the transmitting encoder.
 The required absolute synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is
accomplished through the 2nm pulse, triggering a 1500nm laser diode.
 The 2nm optical pulse generated by the laser diode is fed into an optical
delay line and through a 2directional coupler is transmitted to receiver-end
as the clock signal.
2018-11-18 18
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The clock signal must be correlated to the receiver peak autocorrelation

function. A threshold detector is used to retrieve the autocorrelation peaks
from the clock signal.
 CDMA optical encoders/decoders
 The block diagram of an optical encoder is illustrated in fig-3

 It is composed of an optical power splitter, a number of parallel optical
fiber delay lines equal to the prime number (P) used to generate the code
sequence, and a power combiner.
2018-11-18 19
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-3. CDMA optical encoders/decoders

1
2
Autocorrelation
T 3 T
Cross-correlation
1XM MX1 1XM 1XM

Optical
fiber
T
Optical Optical Optical Optical
M-1
splitter combiner splitter combiner
M
Selector Optical
address switch
Code selector
Optical encoder block diagram . Fig-3
2018-11-18 20
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Operation
 The optical pulse generated by the laser diode representing the 1-bit is split
into a number of pulses by the optical power splitter.
 Each pulse is then delayed by a fiber delay-line controlled by an address

selector.
 The delayed pulses are then recombined by the optical combiner to form
the CDMA signal
2018-11-18 21
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 If more than one channel is required, the same process is applied and the
output of each of the channels is then fed into the multiplexer circuit to
form the combined CDMA code sequence.
 2 n Encoder/decoder:
 Parallel/serial architecture is used for the code sequence generation, selection and
correlation.
 The 2 Encoder/decoder consists of optical-switches, a set of M address

n
codes and an optical combiner.
2018-11-18 22
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Each address code is configured to generate its own distinct code sequence
(same for the decoder) and is composed of 2 passive couplers and fiber
delays.
 At the input of the address code, the optical pulse is divided into two
pulses; one delayed and the other non-delayed.
 The two pulses are fed into the input of the next coupler and then split
again to 4-pulses.
2018-11-18 23
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 This process is repeated for a number of couplers. The total number of

generated pulses is equal to , where n is the number of required couplers.
 The final code sequence is referred to as a code sequence.
 For example, if the prime number (P=4) is used, the number of directional
couplers required is n=2 and the number of chips for stage-one is equal to
four and for stage is two equal to eight.
 Therefore, the code word generated is 1000100010001.
2018-11-18 24
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION-MULTIPLEXING (WDM)
 During the last five years, long distance transmission of information has
moved very rapidly from microwave line-of-sight and satellite
transmission links to optical fiber transmission.
 It is estimated that the total length of optical fiber already installed exceeds
one hundred million kilometers, with almost ten kilometers of new optical
lines installed daily.
 This translates into an annual industry growth of twenty percent.
2018-11-18 25
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The ultimate goal of an optical fiber link is to optimize the data transmission
capabilities, and to allow for future expansions economically and without major
operating disruptions.
 Increases of data transmission rates can be achieved in two ways:

 i) Time-Division-Multiplexing (TDM)
 ii) Dense-Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (DWDM).
 Through time division multiplexing, the overall link capacity can be

increased by increasing the data rate of a single wavelength transmitted
through a single fiber. Fig-4
2018-11-18 26
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The quest for finding new ways to increase the optical fiber system
capacity led to wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
 Through wavelength division multiplexing, multiple optical carriers of

different wavelengths utilize the same optical fiber. Fig-5
 With such an operating scheme, a dramatic increase of the system capacity

can be achieved.
2018-11-18 27
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-4. Conventional one wavelength system

Optical Optical Optical
fiber fiber fiber
Input (1.25 Gb/s) laser Repeater Repeater Optical detector Output (1.25 Gb/s)
1 #1 #2 1
Conventional one wavelength optical fiber system . Fig-4
2018-11-18 28
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-5. Four-channel WDM optical fiber system
Transmitters Receivers
Laser-1 Detector-1
1.25 Gb/s 1.25 Gb/s
1 1
Optical Optical Optical
Laser-2 fiber amplifier fiber Detector-2
Data inputs
1.25 Gb/s 1.25 Gb/s

2 2
Data outputs
TZ WDM
WDM
Laser-3 DE-MUX Detector-3
1.25 Gb/s
  1.25 Gb/s
Laser-4 Detector-4
1.25 Gb/s
  1.25 Gb/s
Four-channel WDM optical fiber system . Fig-5
2018-11-18 29
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Comparing fig-4 and fig-5, the following are observed

 The system of fig-4 is capable of transmitting data rates of 1.25Gb/s on a
single optical fiber.
 If the system is designed for long distance transmission, it will require

several repeaters converting optical signals to electrical, amplifying them
and then converting them to optical signals for retransmission to the next
repeater.
 These repeaters are essential if the system is to maintain a satisfactory

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or bit-error-rate (BER).
2018-11-18 30
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The system of fig-5 is capable of transmitting data rates of 5Gb/s at the

same distance through a single fiber, using only one in-line Erbium-
Doped-Fiber-Amplifier (EDFA).
 The development of the Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier pushed the WDM

concept to the next level, that of Dense-Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing
(DWDM).
2018-11-18 31
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 DWDM DEMULTIPLEXING
 It has been stated in the current chapter that DWDM networks can be used
in point- to-point topology and are capable of carrying, on average four
different optical wavelengths in the 1550nm range.
 These optical links are able to transmit a much higher volume of binary
data without exceeding the fiber dispersion limits so critical in the 1550nm
wavelength range.
2018-11-18 32
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Point-to-point optical links

incorporating wavelength 4
routing are the result of D

E
M
highly sophisticated and U
L
3
complex designs of optical 4 3 2  1 T

I
P 2
networks, capable of L
E
routinely transmitting in the X
E
R 1
Terabit range.
 One of the fundamental DWDM demultiplexer block diagram . Fig-6

components in a DWDM
optical system is the
demultiplexer circuit fig-6
2018-11-18 33
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The demultiplexing process in a DWDM mode of operation can be

performed by:
 i) Phase arrays
 ii) Fiber gratings
 iii) Optical circulators.
 The center wavelength of the demultiplexer must be the same as the channel
wavelength .
 This requirement is most critical in DWDM systems because of the very

narrow spacing between channels
2018-11-18 34
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The channel baseband is measured

between 0dB to 1dB level, while the
-1 dB
complete wavelength bandwidth is
measured between 0dB and 20dB
level. Fig-7
20 dB

Bw
Demultiplexer bandwidth. Fig-7
2018-11-18 35
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 For demultiplexers employing fiber grating technology, the falling slope of

the wavelength response must be known in order to determine the filter
ripple, a parameter indicative of the fiber grating quality.
 Demultiplexers employing phase arrays, exhibit a higher degree of polarization

sensitivity which may lead to a shift of the center wavelength, or drift of the filter
bandwidth .
 A crucial parameter determining system performance is “cross-talk”.
2018-11-18 36
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Cross talk is defined as the amount of optical power coupled into a channel
by the two adjacent channels causing system performance degradations by
significantly increasing the system BER.
 Cross talk is attributed to the broadband characteristics of either the APD

of PIN photodetector diodes.
 Standard demultiplexers employed in conventional optical networks

exhibit cross talk levels on the order of –25dB, while demultiplexers
employed in DWDM optical systems require cross-talk levels on the order
of –40-to- (-50dB).
2018-11-18 37
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 (AWG) MULTIPLEXERS/DEMULTIPLEXERS FOR DWDM

SYSTEMS
 One of the challenging problems facing the optical fiber systems providers
is upgrading.
 Since the demand for higher data rates is ever increasing, the system
providers must respond to the challenge by either upgrading the already
existing optical networks, or replacing them with new networks
 An effective way of providing future network upgrading easily and

economically is through array waveguide grating (AWG)
multiplexers/demultiplexers.
2018-11-18 38
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Corado Dragone of Bell- Waveguides

(IpP or SiO2 /Si)
Labs invented the

waveguide routing method
of optical demultiplexing. 1 1
2 2
To honor this invention, the L = constant
method is referred to as the

“Dragone router”. Fig-8. N N
Planar Planar
free-space free-space
coupler coupler
Optical demultiplexing by waveguide routing (Dragone router). Fig-8
2018-11-18 39
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The operation of the Dragone router is based on the principle of optical

interference.
 The demultiplexer of fig-8 is composed of an array of curved-channel

wavequides with an equal path length difference among adjacent channels
connected to a set of input and output planar free-space slab wavequides.
 The input slab diffracts the entering multiwavelength beam, and the
scattered light entering the array is phase shifted by a different degree in
relationship to the adjacent wavequides, thus generating interference at the
output slab.
2018-11-18 40
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 This process generates maximum interferences at different

wavelengths and at different output locations. In essence, it
demultiplexes the incoming multiwavelength beam into individual
wavelengths.
 Performance characteristics
 i) Excellent cross-talk
 ii) High temperature stability
 iii) Small insertion loss
 iv) Excellent long term reliability
 v) Independence of transmission protocol, signal format and line
speed
2018-11-18 41
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Furthermore, when Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)

multiplexers/demultiplexers are applied in DWDM systems, these devices
dramatically increase the system capacity and also provide for inexpensive
future upgrades.
 The transmission architecture of such an optical system is illustrated in fig-

9 a and a more detailed block diagram is illustrated in fig-10.
2018-11-18 42
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-9 Transmitters Receivers
1 1
Optical Optical
Data inputs
fiber fiber
2 2
Data outputs
DWDM DWDM
1 2 N
MUX DE-MUX
 
EDFA EDFA EDFA
 
Simplified block diagram of a DWDM transmission architecture Fig-9
2018-11-18 43
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-10 Central office or field add/drop node Up to 40 channels @OC-48 provides 100
Gbits/s transmission capacity
1 1
1-1 Pass through traffic 1-1
OC-12 OC-12
OC-48 OC-48
LTE LTE
m m
FA FA   
DEMUX
Processing MUX
switch
100 Gbits/s
Temp Temp
control n n control
LTE LTE
LTE: Line Terminal Equipment 0.6/1.2/2.4 Gbits/s

OC-12 OC-12
DCS: Digital Cross-Connect Sytem ATM
Local
MUX: Multiplexer BISDN
Traffic
Switch
DEMUX: Demultiplexer Feeders
MUX
FA: Fiber Amplifier
OC-3:Sonnet 155 Mbits/s OC-3/STM-1
OC-12:Sonnet 600 Mbits/s Gateway
OC-48:Sonnet 2.5 Gbits/s DCS
DS
STS
Detailed block diagram of DWDM transmission architecture Fig-10
2018-11-18 44
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 ADD/DROP OPTICAL MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING(OADM).

 In a modern all-optic communications system, it has become increasingly
necessary to serve not only the customers located at the two end-points, but also
the customer needs located between the end-points.
 In traditional optical links, a single wavelength add/drop can be

accomplished by demultiplexing the entire data stream.
 The only requirement in such a scheme is the addition of an erbium-

doped-fiber-amplifier (EDFA) and another stage performing the function
of conversion from optical to electrical and back to optical signals fig-11
2018-11-18 45
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-11. ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER/DEMULTIPLEXER

Add-channels
Channel-1 (155Mb/s)
Channel-2 (155Mb/s)
Channel-3 (155Mb/s)
Channel-4 (155Mb/s)
Channel-5 (155Mb/s)
Channel-6 (155Mb/s)
Channel-7 (155Mb/s) Multiplexed
Channel-8 (155Mb/s)
Channel-9 (155Mb/s)
Optical 2.5 Gb/S
Optical Optical output
2.5Gb/S
Channel-10 (155Mb/s) multiplexer demultiplexer multiplexer
Channel-11 (155Mb/s)
Drop-channels
Optical add/drop multiplexing Fig-11
2018-11-18 46
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 A basic disadvantage encountered with the implementation of add/drop

multiplexers in optical communications systems is that they induce optical
signal narrowing and possible signal distortion due to multi-filtering
requirement at each add/drop stage
 PROGRAMMABLE ADD/DROP
MULTIPLEXERS/DEMULTIPLEXERS
 In general, optical add/drop multiplexers must exhibit the following
performance characteristics.
2018-11-18 47
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Must be able to combine all the assigned wavelengths without optical

power loss or signal distortion.
 Must be able to add/drop one or more wavelengths in any order.
 The add/drop process must not interfere with the normal operation of
the remaining wavelengths.
 The system must exhibit a high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR).
 An improved version of this multiplexer is the “programmable add/drop

multiplexer” developed by Lucent Technologies. Fig-12
2018-11-18 48
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Fig-12 Programmable OADM

Circulator-1 Circulator-2
Multi Wavelength Multi Wavelength

In A B A B Out
C Tunable filter gratings C
Demultiplexer Multiplexer
Drop-channels Add-channels
Programmable OADM Fig-12
2018-11-18 49
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Operation
 The programmable add/drop multiplexer of fig-12 is composed of two
three-port circulators, a demultiplexer, a multiplexer and tunable fiber
gratings.
 A multiwavelength beam is applied at port –A of circulator-1, and exits at

port-B. Port-B is connected to a number of tunable fiber gratings.
 The fiber gratings can exist in either tuned or un-tuned state.
 In the un-tuned state, they are capable of passing through all the
wavelengths processed from port-A to port-B by circulator-1.
2018-11-18 50
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 When in the tuned state, the wavelengths corresponding to the tuned fiber
gratings will be fully reflected back at the circulator-1 and exit at port-C.
 Port-C of ciculator-1 is the input to the demultiplexer circuit.
 The reflected wavelengths will be demultiplexed and therefore appear at

the corresponding outputs of the demultiplexer.
 The original optical beam minus the drop wavelengths enters port-A of the
circulator –2
2018-11-18 51
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The output of the multiplexer circuit is connected to port-C of the same

circulator thus inducing the added wavelengths into the circulator-2 with
the combined wavelength appearing at the output port-B of the same
circulator.
 It is important to mention that no wavelength reflections occur from

circulator-2 to circulator-1 because the filter gratings are tuned only at the
desired drop wavelengths.
2018-11-18 52
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 ULTRA HIGH-SPEED DEMULTIPLEXERS (40Gb/s-100Gb/s)

 The ever-increasing demand for high-speed (above 10Gb/s) local area
networks (LANs) and long haul optical systems necessitates the design
and implementation of very sophisticated multiplexer/demultiplexer
modules.
 Electronic switching for high-speed systems has been proven insufficient

because of semiconductor device speed limitations.
 These limitations generated the incentive for the development of exotic

multiplexing/demultiplexing devices.
2018-11-18 53
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 In the quest achieve speeds well beyond the 10Gb/s range, researchers
have developed an all-optical scheme for the design of a very high-speed
demultiplexer circuit by utilizing a semiconductor laser and single arm
interferometer (SAI) geometry.
 Based on the geometry of a single arm interferometer, the transmitted data

is independent of the long-lived refractive index non-linearities.
 Through the combination of non-linear loop optical mirrors (NLOM),

semiconductor laser amplifiers (SLA) and single arm interferometers,
researchers were able to achieve transmission speeds on the order of
160Gb/s.
2018-11-18 54
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The ultra fast non-linear interferometer (UNI) set-up is illustrated in fig-13
Control
7.5 m 7.5 m
PSI BRF PC BRF PSI
Signal 50/50 SLA Filter Out

Coupler
Ultra-fast non-linear interferometer demultiplexer set-up Fig-13
2018-11-18 55
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 Operation
 The operation of the above UNI demultiplexer scheme is based on co-operative
control geometry.
 The input signal is fed into the polarization sensitive isolator (PSI), then
divided into two orthogonal polarized signals and delayed by 12.5ps
through a birefringent fiber (BRF) 7.5m of length.
 The control pulse is combined with the orthogonal signals through a 50/50
optical combiner
2018-11-18 56
CHAPTER-11:
MULTIPLEXING
 The control pulse is now orthogonal with the delayed optical signal.
 Both signals are then re-combined through another 7.5m long birefringent
fiber and a process of inverse polarization takes place through the second
polarization sensitive isolator
 An optical filter is used to reject the control signal, while the input signal
is detected at the output
 A polarization controller biases the interferometer appropriately in order to

provide the required signal components phase delays.
2018-11-18 57

Seneca College: Fiber Optics Communications

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Seneca College: Fiber Optics Communications

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

SENECA COLLEGE

School of Electronics &Computer Engineering

Fiber Optics Communications

 The continuous drive for higher system capacities, flexibility and

 Multiplexing, as applied to optical fiber systems, underwent a

 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CDMA)

 The basic objective in such an optical system is to utilize the available

 The utilization of code division multiple access in local area networks

 This is a definite advantage considering the alterative to TDMA in which

 Therefore, the addition of new users can easily be implemented through a

 Optical fibers exhibiting bandwidth length-product (BL) on the order of

 Performance of such CDMA optical LANs is subject to electronic

 This significant performance limitation encountered in such networks can

 In such schemes, optical encoders and decoders can be utilized in

 An all-optical signal processing system eliminates the need for wide

 Optical signal processing techniques in CDMA LAN systems are

 Coherent optical processing

 Bipolar code sequences correlate to those used in mobile and satellite

 Incoherent optical processing

 Because is based on optical intensity variations of the decoder module, the

 Furthermore, incoherent optical signal processing can only process signals

 However, both coherent and incoherent optical CDMA systems may be

 Synchronous-CDMA with modified prime sequence

 If the received signal has arrived at the desired address, a strong

 It is therefore necessary that each receiver exhibit a strong autocorrelation

 An error probability comparison of synchronous-CDMA and

Error probability P (e)

 Synchronous-CDMA optical system

Synchronous CDMA optical system. Fig-2

 Furthermore, a directional coupler is used to process the formed optical

 The optical decoder is designed to recognize the exact address sequence of

 The clock signal must be correlated to the receiver peak autocorrelation

 CDMA optical encoders/decoders

 The block diagram of an optical encoder is illustrated in fig-3

 Fig-3. CDMA optical encoders/decoders

1XM MX1 1XM 1XM

Optical encoder block diagram . Fig-3

 Each pulse is then delayed by a fiber delay-line controlled by an address

 The 2 Encoder/decoder consists of optical-switches, a set of M address

codes and an optical combiner.

 This process is repeated for a number of couplers. The total number of

 The final code sequence is referred to as a code sequence.

 Therefore, the code word generated is 1000100010001.

 This translates into an annual industry growth of twenty percent.

 Increases of data transmission rates can be achieved in two ways:

 ii) Dense-Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (DWDM).

 Through time division multiplexing, the overall link capacity can be

 Through wavelength division multiplexing, multiple optical carriers of

 With such an operating scheme, a dramatic increase of the system capacity

 Fig-4. Conventional one wavelength system

Conventional one wavelength optical fiber system . Fig-4

 Fig-5. Four-channel WDM optical fiber system

1.25 Gb/s 1.25 Gb/s

Four-channel WDM optical fiber system . Fig-5

 Comparing fig-4 and fig-5, the following are observed

 If the system is designed for long distance transmission, it will require

 These repeaters are essential if the system is to maintain a satisfactory

 The system of fig-5 is capable of transmitting data rates of 5Gb/s at the

 The development of the Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier pushed the WDM

 Point-to-point optical links

routing are the result of D

complex designs of optical 4 3 2  1 T

 One of the fundamental DWDM demultiplexer block diagram . Fig-6