Cardiovascular system
CVS
By
Dr. Mostafa Mahmoud Hegazy (
PH.D.)
Peripheral and cerebral insufficiency
Ginkgo leaves
Lesser periwinkle
Ginkgo leaves ( Ginkgo biloba )
أوراق الجنكة
standardized ginkgo extract
• USP31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated asflavonol
glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than
0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki
green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
• 2- Diterpene lactones
• Ginkgolides A, B, C, Jand M
• 3- Sesquiterpene lactone
• Bilobalide
Mechanism of actions:
1increasesblood flow,
2increasestissue oxygenation and nutrition,
3Prevention of membrane damage caused by free radicals.
4Enhances memory and cognitive function, especially in the elderly.
5- Has platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonism;
The PAFantagonism: Platelet -activating factor (PAF) is an ether-linked
phospholipid which is formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils,
monocytes and macrophages. It is a potent platelet-aggregating agent
and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms.
The ginkgolides are potent and specific PAFantagonists.
Indications:
1-Disorders and symptoms due to restricted cerebral blood flow (memory
impairment, dizziness, tinnitus, anxiety /depression, fatigue and stroke).
2-Early stages of primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer-type)
3- Effects of high altitude (altitude sickness) or hypoxia.
4- Disorders due to reduced retinal blood flow, senile macular degeneration.
5- Inner ear disorders of vascular origin: tinnitus and vertigo
6-Peripheral arterial disease (particularly intermittent claudication).
7May also be used for disorders due to restricted peripheral blood flow
(including diabetic vascular disease, atherosclerosis, Raynaud's syndrome);
8-Osteoarthritis.
9-protection against ischemia and reperfusion injury.
10- Powerful antioxidant;
• Dosage:Usually the daily dose is 120 mg of a ginkgo standardized extract
equivalent to 27-30 mg ginkgo flavone glycosides and about 10 mg terpenoids
per day (this corresponds to 4-8 gof leaf, depending on the quality).
• Proprietary names: Ginko®, Tanakan®, Tebonina forte®, Brain Power®, Ginkor
fort®.
• Adverse Effects: include headaches, dizziness, palpitations, gastrointestinal
disturbances, bleeding disorders, and skin hypersensitivity reactions.
• Poisoning: convulsions induced by ingestion of large amounts of ginkgo seeds.
Convulsions were thought to be due to the presence of 4-methoxypyridoxine, a
competitive antagonist of pyridoxine; giving suitable quantities of a vitamin-B6
source may be of benefit in preventing suchconvulsions.
• Interactions: It has been suggested that ginkgo biloba should be used with
caution in patients receiving anticoagulants or drugs that affect platelet
aggregation. For reference to a possible interaction with warfarin.
Lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor )
Constituents:
Alkaloids: Vincamine (the principle alkaloid), vincine, vincaminine, vincinine and
vincanorine.
Vincamine
Mechanism of actions:
1-Vincamine is claimed to increase cerebral circulation and utilization of oxygen
2- The total alkaloids of Vinca minor show a pornounced hypotensive effect.
• Indications:
• Pure alkaloid reserpine: initial 0.2 -0.3 mg is given three times daily to begin with,
0.1- 0.2 mg twice daily for maintenance.
Olive leaves (Olea europaea ): has been proven to lower high blood pressure in clinical trials provided the dose is
sufficiently high. Constituents: Choline-type substances and glycoside, oleoside.
Coleus forskohlii: can have a pronounced lowering effect on high blood pressure. Only varieties containing
forskolin should be used. Coleus also has pronounced antiplatelet activity, which may be desirable in some cases.
Cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus ): Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ): is Taraxacum officinale (dandelion
this herb is thought to relax smooth used by some herbalists to leaves) has diuretic activity and high
muscle and has been used to specifically; lower an elevated levels of potassium and can be
augment antihypertensive diastolic blood pressure. useful especially for the treatment
prescriptions as avasorelaxant. of elevated systolic pressure in the
elderly.
Crataegus (hawthorn): as well as reducing high blood pressure this herb has a
trophic effect on the heartmuscle.
Angina
Treatment:
• a) Diet and lifestyle
• b) Herbal drugs
Hawthorn Berry
زعرور األودية
• Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Hawthorn Berries). The dried false fruits of Crataegus
oxyacantha (C. laevigata), or C. monogyna, or their hybrids or a
mixture of these false fruits. They contain not less than 1% of
procyanidins, calculated as cyaniding chloride with reference to
the dried drug. Protect fromlight.
• Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Hawthorn Leaf and Flower). The whole or cut, dried
flower bearing branches of Crataegus oxyacantha(C. laevigata), or
C. monogyna, or their hybrids or, more rarely, other European
Crataegus species including C. pentagyna, C. nigra, and C. azarolus.
It contains not less than 1.5% of flavonoids, calculated as
hyperoside calculated with reference to the dried drug. Protect
from light.
constituents:
- Flavonoids ( including hyperoside , rutin , and vitexin) and oligomeric
proanthocyanidins (largely responsible for action of drug).
- Biogenic amines (such as tyramine)(some of cardiotonic action)
- Triterpenes
hyperoside vitexin
Mechanism of action;
- Inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity in tissue with a subsequent inhibition of cAMP is
believed to be the mechanism of action.
- Hawthorn does not have a digitalis-like effect, but the drug have a completely different site
of action in the myocardium. Hawthorn does not exert its action in the contractile system of
the myocardium, but improves the myocardial energy metabolism. This probably explains
why hawthorn requires a much Longer time than digitalis to take effect and why myocardial
reactivity must exist in order for the herbal drug to take effect.
Interactions:
Hawthorn may act in synergy with digitalis glycosides, beta-blockers and other hypotensive
drugs. Modification of drug dosage may be required.
Dosage:
a)1.5 - 3.5 g of dried berry, flower or leaf per day, as infusion or decoction.
b)Hawthorn tablets (1 g leaves and flowers, standardized to 15-20 mgoligomeric
procyanidins and 6-7 mg flavonoids) 2-3 times perday.
c)3 - 6 ml of 1: 2 liquid extract of hawthorn leaf per day, 3 -
7 ml of 1: 2 liquid extract of hawthorn berry per day,
7.5 - 15 ml of 1: 5 tincture of hawthorn leaf per day,
7.5 - 17.5 ml of 1: 5 tincture of hawthorn berry per day.
Higher doses than these may be necessary for effective control of hypertension.
- There is no restriction on the long-term use of hawthorn and, if used to treat heart
conditions, it should be prescribed over a period of at least 2 months.
Garlic (Alliumsativum)
Constituents:
Alliin, allicin, S-propylcysteinesulfoxide and5-methylcysteine-sulfoxide.
Action and uses:
Garlic (Allium sativum) has Protective effects against stroke, coronary thrombosis,
atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation.
- Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antineoplastic, hypolipidemic,antiarthritic
actions and hypoglycemic functions.
- General tonic effect thought stimulation ofhypophyseal function.
Dosage:
Bulb: 10 - 25 g;
Alliin: 10 mg;
Allicin: 4 mg.
Preparations:
1Carefully dried garlic powder which preserves the compound alliin (S-
allylcysteine sulphoxide) and the enzyme alliinase. On disintegration of
tablets or capsules containing this powder in the digestive tract, alliin comes
into contact with alliinase and is converted to allicin.
• Constituents:
• Saponins (Gymnemic Acids), alkaloids, flavones and anthraquinones.
5-A synthetic compound, modeled from the structure of the natural statins, is
atorvastin, which has been the leading drug of the entire pharmaceutical industry in
terms of market share (approximately US$14 billion per year) for many years.
Varicose veins
• Causes
• Weakness of the vein wall and poor venous tone can lead tovenous
valves becoming incompetent.
Horse-chestnut seed
(Aesculus hippocastanum)
كستناء الحصان
Constituents:
• Saponins (3- 6%) (the mixture of saponins collectively referred to as escin; α- and -escin as
major glycosides), Coumarins, flavonoids and tannins.
Proprietary names:
• Reparil® Tablets, Reparil® gel, Escinogel® gel, Prostatin® suppositories
Melilot (Melilotus officinalis)
الحندقوق الطبي أو إكليل الملك
• Constituents:
• Melilot contains coumarin and flavones.
• Action and uses:
• Internally in the treatment ofvaricose veins and thrombophlebitis.
• Preparations:
• Melilot tea, 1-2 teaspoons to a cup of boiling water, left to infuse,
taking 3-4 cups daily.
Flavonoids as Polyphenolic compounds e.g.
anthocyanins and maintaining healthycirculation.
• Anthocyanins could also reduce the incidences of fragility of capillaries, inhibit
blood platelet aggregation, and strengthen the collagen matrix which is a
component of the connectivetissues.
• These polyphenolics such as anthocyanins and flavonoids might also act as the
beneficial in vivo inhibitors of LDLoxidation.
• In fact, the “French paradox” which represents the apparent compatibility ofa
high fat diet with a low incidence of coronary atherosclerosis has daily been
attributed to the regular drinking of the red wines.
• ex. bilberry and grape seeds extract.
Rue (Rutagraveolens)
سذاب شديد الرائحة
• Constituents and uses:
• It contains rutin, considered to be a compound with vitamin Pactivity.
• Preparations:
• Ruta Ctablets® and Rutin Ctablets® contain 50 mg of rutin (rutoside),
so that the drug is easy to prescribe.
Functional heart disease,
nervous heart
The drugs used in these cases should have a gentle cardiotonic and sedative
action. They are therefore also known as cardiosedatives. The plant kingdom
provides a number of drugs for this purpose, all of which have stood the test of
time.
Motherwort and convallaria (Lily of the valley) are gentle and Intermediate
cardiotonics respectively .
Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca)
ذنب األسد
Constituents:
Alkaloids: leonurine Stachydrine, betonicine, and turicin ; flavonoids; iridoids; tannins;
terpenoids ... etc.
Uses:
Mainly for functional heart complaints due to autonomic imbalance. It appears to be
predominantly sedative, similar to valerian. It is necessary, however, to take the drug for
a long period, over months.
A tea combining the drug with convallaria and melissa (as a sedative) is very useful.
Motherwort herb
Lily of the valley herb
Melissa leaves
equal parts to make 100.0
Infuse two teaspoons in a cup of boiling water, 1 cup to be taken regularly morning and
night for some weeks.
Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)
زنبق الوادي
Constituents:
Uses:
cardiac tonic and diuretic.
Mechanism of actions:
The action of the drug closely resembles that of Digitalis, though it is less powerful
Dose
2-By mechanisms that are not fully understood, digoxin also increase vagal
efferent activity to the heart. This parasympathomimetic action of digoxin
(decreases heart rate; negative chronotropy) and reduces conduction velocity
of electrical impulses through the atrioventricular node (negative
dromotropy).
products examples
Egypt : Lanoxin ®tab & amp and Cardixine ®tab France:
Hemigoxine Nativelle tab ®Germany : Lanicor® tab ®UK:
Lanoxin ®tab & amp USA: Digitek ®tab.