Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Relays and High Voltage Engineering

ADAPTIVE RELAYING FOR

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
7th Semester Assignment
Submitted to: Dr. S.G Srivani
By:
1. Jayanth Bhargav (1RV15EE025)
2. Srujan S Rangayyan (1RV15EE053)

Date: 23-10-2018
 Introduction
• Adaptive Relaying permits and seeks to
make adjustments automatically in various
protections in order to make them attuned
to prevailing power system conditions.

• Important features
• Functions defined through software
• Have communication capability
Case Study : London Metro Blackout
• At the peak evening hour, National Grid’s,
electricity network reports a problem with one of
the transformers at the substation.
• Within minutes, most of the South London is
plunged into darkness and the mainline train
station close and London Underground shuts
down.
• Some lines were out for maintenance but the
other lines were capable of carrying the total load
of the system.
 Case Study: London Metro Blackout
• An investigation into the Blackout found that a wrong
protection relay switch had been installed on the transmission
line that had tripped.
• Even though the system had 4 lines for resilience, improper
protection switches had resulted in a blackout.
• In simple terms, they had installed a 1 Amp fuse instead of a
5 Amp fuse.
• Therefore, proper selection and settings of Relay, Switches
and Protection systems is necessary to prevent blackouts.
• This necessitates a robust protection system that is capable
of withstanding the dynamics of the power system.
 Principle
• Current relay settings are calculated off-line
• Desirable to change settings based on the
dynamic variations in the system
• Frequency variation
• Fault resistance in SLG faults
• Power swings
• Using local data, or local data exchange
 Principle

• Adaptive Distance Protection Control System

• Adaptive Distance Protection Control System

• Adaptive loop consists of identification, decision, and

changes.
 Adaptive Methods
• Fault Detection and Measuring
• Fault Detection
• Fault Type Classification
• Fault Measurement
• Adaptive Method for Change in Frequency
• Adaptive Method for Single Line to Ground Fault
Resistance
• Adaptive Method for Power Swings in System
• Out-of-step relaying
• As power swing develops, relays can switch from
tripping to blocking function
Adaptive Distance Protection for
Power Swings
• Adaptive relaying helps to discriminate
between 3-phase faults and power
swings.
• It is possible to differentiate between a 3Φ
fault and a power swing by looking for the
presence of pre-filter group delay.
• Pre-filtering of signals allows for:
• Removal of travelling wave noise
• Removal of DC offsets
 Adaptive Distance Protection for
Power Swings

• Adaptive relay is capable of very high speed

operation
• Maintaining a good reach point accuracy in the
presence of travelling wave noise
• Immune to the presence of harmonics or variation
in power system frequency.
 Advantages
• Faster computation of settings
• Automatic Reclosing settings can be adjusted
• Type and Severity of Fault
• Hard or Soft Circuit Breaker Operation
• Optimizing Circuit Breaker Wear
• Faster protection, lesser tripping time
• Minimizes compromises between dependability
and security
• Achieve increased dependability and security
 Disadvantages
• If relays change their settings themselves,
there is a chance that the relays will not
coordinate with each other properly.
• Risk of Liability
• Expensive to design
• Chance that communication systems may
fail
• Have to develop fallback position and safety
checks
 References
• Moore, P. J.; Johns, A.T., "Adaptive digital distance protection,"
Developments in Power Protection, 1989., Fourth International
Conference on , vol., no., pp.187,191, 11-13 Apr 1989
keywords: {digital simulation;microcomputer applications;power
engineering computing;power system protection;relay
protection;14 bit A/D converter;16 bit microprocessor;digital
distance protection;digital distance relay;high-resistance earth
faults;microprocessors;power swings;power systems;simulation
studies;state-of-the-art},

• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber
=20639&isnumber=822