By Dipika Chaudhary

Department of Neurosurgery
PATIENT PREPARTION BEFORE
SENDING TO USG
Cont’d…
 Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or
diagnostic medical sonography, is an imaging method
that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce
images of structures within our body.
 The images can provide valuable information for
diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and
conditions.
Why USG IS DONE
Ultrasound is used for many reasons, including to:
 View the uterus and ovaries during pregnancy and
monitor the developing baby's health
 Diagnose gallbladder disease
 Evaluate blood flow
 Guide a needle for biopsy or tumor treatment
 Examine a breast lump
 Check your thyroid gland
 Detect genital and prostate problems
 Assess joint inflammation (synovitis)
 Examine chest for pneumothorax, haemothorax or
pleural effusion
How you prepare
 Most ultrasound exams require no preparation. However,
there are a few exceptions:
 For some scans, such as a gallbladder ultrasound, your
doctor may ask not to eat or drink for up to six hours before
the exam.
 Others, such as a pelvic ultrasound, may require a full
bladder. May need to drink up to six glasses of water two
hours before the exam and not urinate until the exam is
completed.
 Young children may need additional preparation. When
scheduling an ultrasound for child, ask your doctor if there
are any specific instructions you'll need to follow.
Before the procedure
 Before your ultrasound begins, you may be asked to do
the following:
 Remove any jewelry from the area being examined.
 Remove some or all of your clothing.
 Change into a gown.
 You'll be asked to lie on an examination table.
PREPARATION OF PATIENT BEFORE
SENDING TO CT SCAN
What Is a CT Scan?
 A CT scan, also known as computed tomography
scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations
of many X-ray measurements taken from different
angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic)
images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned
object, allowing the user to see inside the object
without cutting.
How Do CT Scans Work?
 They use a narrow X-ray beam that circles around one part of
your body. This provides a series of images from many different
angles.
 A computer uses this information to create a cross-sectional
picture. Like one piece in a loaf of bread, this two-dimensional
(2D) scan shows a “slice” of the inside of your body.
 This process is repeated to produce a number of slices. The
computer stacks these scans one on top of the other to create a
three-dimensional (3D) image.
 This can give the doctor a better view of organs, bones,
or blood vessels. For example, a surgeon may use this type of
scan to look at all sides of a tumor to prepare for an operation.
How Are CT Scans Done?
 You'd probably get a scan at a hospital or radiology clinic.
Your doctor might tell you not to eat or drink for a few
hours before the procedure. You may also need to wear a
hospital gown and remove any metal objects, such as
jewelry.
 A radiology technologist will perform the CT scan. During
the test, you’ll lie on a table inside a large, doughnut-
shaped CT machine. As the table slowly moves through the
scanner, the X-rays rotate around your body. It’s normal to
hear a whirring or buzzing noise. Movement can blur the
image, so you’ll be asked to stay very still. You may need to
hold your breath at times.
 How long the scan takes will depend on what parts of
your body are being scanned. It can take anywhere
from a few minutes to a half-hour.
A CT Scan with Contrast
 In a CT scan, dense substances like bones are easy to
see. But soft tissues don’t show up as well. They may
look faint in the image. To help them appear clearly,
you may need a special dye called a contrast material.
 They block the X-rays and appear white on the scan,
highlighting blood vessels, organs, or other structures.
 Contrast materials are usually made of iodine or
barium sulfate. You might receive these drugs in one or
more of three ways:
 Injection: The drugs are injected directly into a vein.
This is done to help your blood vessels, urinary
tract, liver, or gallbladder stand out in the image.
 Orally: Drinking a liquid with the contrast material
can enhance scans of your digestive tract, the pathway
of food through your body.
 Enema: If intestines are being scanned, the contrast
material can be inserted in rectum.
 After the CT scan, patient’ll need to drink plenty of
fluids to help kidneys remove the contrast material
from body.
Patient preparation
 Wear comfortable clothing free of zippers, metallic
buttons and snaps as well as jewelry that could
interfere with your scan. Elastic Waist Bands and
Sports Bras are acceptable.

 Please notify doctor if patient have any allergy to

iodine or intravenous contrast.
 Female patients must notify their physician if they are
or think they might be pregnant, for further
instructions.

 A blood test (Creatinine), and NPO for about 6-8

hours is required if CT examinations ordered with IV
Contrast.
PATIENT PREPARATION BEFORE
SENDING TO MRI
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that
uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create
detailed images of the organs and tissues within the
body.
BEFORE SCAN
 Patient may be asked to wear a gown during the
examination.
 No dietary restrictions for the patient doing MRI
without contrast
 Ask patient about medical devices with metal in their
bodies: pacemaker, surgical rods or pins, dental
bridges
 If a patient have claustrophobia or anxiety , physician
should give mild sedative prior to the scheduled
examination
 Jwellery and other accessories should be removed prior
to the scan because they can interfere with the
magnetic field of the MRI unit.
 MRI with contrast require normal RFT, NPO 6-8 hours
prior the examination.
 For young children and babies, sedatives and general
anesthesia can also be used
PATIENT PREPARATION BEFORE
SENDING TO ENDOSCOPY
 Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure mainly used to
examine a person’s digestive portion. An endoscope
procedure contains a flexible tube with a light and a
camera attached to it, doctor can see the pictures of
digestive tract on a colour display monitor.
 The doctor inserts an endoscope through mouth. The
doctor can use forceps (tongs) and scissors on the
endoscope to operate or remove tissue for biopsy.
WHY IS ENDOSCOPY DONE
 It gives the visual evidence of the problem, such as
ulceration or inflammation
 It can be used to collect the sample of tissue; remove
problematic tissue, such as polyps
 It is used to take photograph of the internal hollow
organs
Preparing For Endoscopy

 Maintain empty stomach before the endoscopy

procedure.
 Do not eat or drink for at least 6 hours before the
endoscopy procedure.
 Complete the required documentation as per the
institution norms accepting the test procedure and its
implications.
Nursing considerations
 Explain about the procedure to the patient and family
members
 Obtain verbal and written (endoscopy) consents
 Have the billing done before sending the patient for
the scans
 Make sure the patient is ready with the gown on,
removing the jwelleries and also metal clips
 Consult the doctors in case of paediatric cases for
sedatives and use of general anesthesia during the
scans