P R AC T I C A L R E S E A R C H 1

NATURE AND
INQUIRY OF
RESEARCH

systematic investigation
and study of materials
and sources to establish
facts and reach new
conclusions.
RESEARCH
has come up with
developing
appropriate solutions
to improve individual’s
quality of life.
act of studying
something carefully and
extensively in order to
attain deep knowledge.
Central to research is your
way of discovering new
knowledge, applying
knowledge in various ways as
well as seeing relationships of
ideas, events and situations.
Research puts you in a
context where a problem
exists. Then, collect facts
or information, study
such data, and come up
with a solution to the
problem based on the
results of your analysis.
Process of executing various
mental acts for discovering and
examining facts and information
to prove the accuracy or
truthfulness of your claims or
conclusions about the topic of
your research.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• leads an expansion of knowledge and discoveries.
• Research effects have led to breakthrough.
(Projections about events like global warming have also been
determined thru research.)
• Research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data or
information in order to increase understanding of a phenomenon.
• Advancement and improvements in various aspects of life.
• To gather necessary information.
• To improve the standard of living. SIGNIFICANCE
• To have a safer life. OF RESEARCH
• To know the truth.
• To explore our history.
• To understand arts.
 Accuracy

Objectiveness

Timeliness
Characteristics of
Relevance
Research

Clarity

Systematic
• Accuracy-It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and
bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or
acknowledged.
• Objectiveness-It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from
assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions.
• Timeliness- It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the
present society.
• Relevance - Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving
problems affecting the lives of people in a community.
• Clarity- It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using
simple, direct, concise and correct language.
• Systematic - It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
ETHICS

Research ethics concerns the responsibility of

researchers to be honest and respectful to
all individuals who are affected by their
research studies or their reports of the studies’
results.
ETHICS AND RESEARCH
• To be ethical, a research project needs to be designed to create valid
outcomes if it is believed to be pursuing truth.
• Flick(2002) argues that qualitative researchers need to be as vigilant
or positivist about ensuring the validity and reliability of their
studies, even if they choose to use other terms such as credibility
and authenticity in the trustworthiness of their studies.
• Research that is untrustworthy is unethical, because it is of no
benefit in developing the society’s knowledge base and wastes the
resources of the researchers.

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 ETHICS AND RESEARCH
• Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not deliberately
mislead participants as to the nature of the research.
• Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical and
psychological difficulties to participants and to the socio-political
environments in which and with which they work.
• In both virtual and physical worlds, researchers are ethically bound to
maintain the privacy of participants including confidentiality for any
information they give and anonymity for their identity. (Baez, 2002)

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TWO (2) ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Researchers have two basic categories of ethical responsibility:
( 1) responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of the
individuals, both human and non-human, who participate in their
research studies, and

( 2) responsibility to ensure that public reports of their research are

accurate and honest.
UNETHICAL EXAMPLES
• Breaking and re-breaking of bones ( to see how many times they
could be broken before healing failed to occur) Nazi

• Patients had been injected with live cancer cells (Jewish Chronic
Disease Hospital, NY, 1963)

• 400 men had been left to suffer with syphilis long after a cure (
penicillin) was available. (Tuskegee, Alabama, 1932-72)
ET H I C S C O D E S
THE BELMONT REPORT 1979

( 1) Individuals should consent to participate in studies and those who cannot give
their consent, such as children, people with diminished abilities, and prisoners, need
to be protected.

( 2) The researcher not harm the participants, minimize risks, and maximize
possible benefits.

( 3) fairness in procedures for selecting participants.

APA GUIDE

• The researcher is obligated to protect participants from

physical or psychological harm.

• During or after a study, participants may feel increased

anxiety, anger, lower self- esteem, or mild depression,
especially in situations in which they feel they have been
cheated, tricked, deceived, or insulted.
• The general concept of informed consent is
that human participants should be given
complete information about the research and
their roles in it before agreeing to participate.
EXPLAIN WHY AND ENSURE
UNDERSTANDING
• Researchers often tell participants exactly what will be
done in the study but do not explain why.

• Simply telling participants about the research does not

necessarily mean they are informed, especially in situations
in which the participants may not be competent enough to
understand.
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION

• Participants may feel coerced to participate

or perceive that they have limited choice.
ETHICAL ISSUES AND SCIENTIFIC
INTEGRITY
 REPORTING OF RESEARCH
a. Researchers do not fabricate data. (They do not make
false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements concerning their
publications or research findings.)
b. If they discover significant errors in their published data,
they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a
correction, re-traction, erratum, or other appropriate
publication means.
c. They do not present portions of another’s work or data
as their own, even if the other work or data source is
cited occasionally.
PLAGIARISM

You can literally copy an entire paper word for word

and present it as your own work or you can copy
and paste passages from articles and sites found on
the Internet.
SOME ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

-Objectivity
-Honesty
-Integrity
-Carefulness
-Openness
-Respect for Intellectual Property
-Confidentiality
-Responsible publication
-Respect for colleagues
-Social Responsibility
-Non-discrimination
-Competence
-Legality
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THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
INSTRUCTIONS: ANALYZE THE TITLES
AND DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:
MOVIE PREFERENCES OF THE SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ST.
JOSEPH COLLEGE, APPLE CITY
DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 2017 –
2018

a. Subject Matter:
b. Locale of Study:
c. Population Involved:
d. Period of the Study:
 LEARNING STYLES AND BRAIN
DOMINANCE OF GRADE 11
STUDENTS IN ST. MONICA
COLLEGE

a. Subject Matter:
b. Locale of Study:
c. Population Involved:
d. Period of the Study:
 BARANGAY LANZONES HALL:
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS AND
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

a. Subject Matter:
b. Locale of Study:
c. Population Involved:
d. Period of the Study: