Fundamentals of Distribution Systems Oleh Albert Sagala
ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 1
Electric power distribution is the portion of the power delivery infrastructure that takes the electricity from the highly meshed, high-voltage transmission circuits and delivers it to customers.
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 3 Transformers • ac transformers are one of the keys to allowing widespread distribution of electric power as we see it today. • Transformers efficiently convert electricity to higher voltage for long distance transmission and back down to low voltages suitable for customer usage.
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Basic Transformers • A transformer efficiently converts electric power from one voltage level to another. • A transformer is two sets of coils coupled together through a magnetic field. • In an ideal transformer, the voltages on the input and the output are related by the turns ratio of the transformer:
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 6 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 7 Basic Transformers (2) • In a real transformer, not all of the flux couples between windings. This leakage flux creates a voltage drop between windings, so the voltage is more accurately described by
• The current also transforms by the turns ratio, opposite of the voltage as
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Power is lost in the core through: • Hysteresis — As the magnetic dipoles change direction, the core heats up from the friction of the molecules. • Eddy currents — Eddy currents in the core material cause resistive losses. The core flux induces the eddy currents tending to oppose the change in flux density. • (Eddy currents (also called Foucault currents) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor due to Faraday's law of induction, wikipedia)
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Leakage Reactance • The leakage reactance in percent is based on the coil parameters and separations (Blume et al., 1951) as follows:
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Leakage impedances • In general, leakage impedance increases with: • Higher primary voltage (thicker insulation between windings) • kVA rating • Larger core (larger diameter leads to more area enclosed) • Leakage impedances are under control of the designer, and companies will make transformers for utilities with customized impedances. Large distribution substation transformers often need high leakage impedance to control fault currents, some as high as 30% on the base rating.
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Oil in Transformers • Mineral oil fills most distribution and substation transformers. The oil provides two critical functions: conducting heat and insulation. • Because the oil is a good heat conductor, an oil-filled transformer has more load-carrying capability than a dry-type transformer. • Oil can operate continuously at high temperatures, with a normal operating temperature of 105 Celcius. It is flammable; the flash point is 150 Celcius, and the fire point is 180 Celcius.
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Distribution Transformers • From a few kVA to a few MVA, distribution transformers convert primary voltage to low voltage that customers can use.
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Distribution transformer impedances • Distribution transformer impedances are rather low. Units under 50 kVA have impedances less than 2%. Three-phase underground transformers in the range of 750 to 2500 kVA normally have a 5.75% impedance as specified in (ANSI/IEEE C57.12.24-1988). • Lower impedance transformers provide better voltage regulation and less voltage flicker for motor starting or other fluctuating loads. But lower impedance transformers increase fault currents on the secondary.
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Single-Phase Transformers • Single-phase transformers supply single- phase service; we can use two or three single-phase units in a variety of configurations to supply three-phase service. • A transformer’s nameplate gives the kVA ratings, the voltage ratings, percent impedance, polarity, weight, connection diagram, and cooling class.
Load full current in Ampere:
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 16 So, a single-phase 50-kVA transformer with a high- voltage winding of 12470GrdY/7200 V has a full-load current of 6.94 A on the primary. On a 240/ 120-V secondary, the full-load current across the 240-V winding is 208.3 A.
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 18 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 19 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 20 Three-Phase Transformers • Three-phase overhead transformer services are normally constructed from three single-phase units.
A three-phase, 150-kVA transformer with a high-
voltage winding of 12470GrdY/7200 V has a full-load current of 6.94 A on the primary (the same current as one 50-kVA single-phase transformer).
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 22 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 23 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 24 Auto Transformer • Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and secondary shares same common single winding. So basically it’s a one winding transformer. • Autotransformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 132 kV to 66 kV for transmission. • Another application in industry is to adapt machinery built (for example) for 480 V supplies to operate on a 600 V supply.
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Example • A transformer has 500 turns of the primary winding and 10 turns of the secondary winding. • a) Determine the secondary voltage if the secondary circuit is open and the primary voltage is 120 V. • b) Determine the current in the primary and secondary winding, given that the secondary winding is connected to a resistance load 15 Ω?
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ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 27 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 28 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 29 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 30 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 31 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 32 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 33 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 34 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 35 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 36 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 37 ABS/Electric System-Fundamental of Distribution Systems 38 Interested Links • https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/step-up-step-down- and-isolation-transformers/ • http://physicstasks.eu/1548/transformer • https://www.egr.msu.edu/~fzpeng/ECE320/ECE320-HW3- Solution.pdf • https://physics.gurumuda.net/step-up-and-step-down-transformer- problems-and-solutions.htm
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Control in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives: Proceedings of the Second IFAC Symposium, Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, 3 – 5 October 1977
Electrical Load-Curve Coverage: Proceedings of the Symposium on Load-Curve Coverage in Future Electric Power Generating Systems, Organized by the Committee on Electric Power, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Rome, Italy, 24 – 28 October 1977