STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR

OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS IN
ISOTHERMAL CONDITION
--PROF. DR. ABDUL JABBAR KHAN

1
CLASS ATTENDANCE

2
 Load-Strain Behaviour with Time
(Elastic Material)
LOAD

B C

A D E
t0 t1 t2 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence for identifying strain components

T

T = E = R

T = Total Strain
E = Elastic Strain
B C
R =Recoverable Strain

E R = E
A D E
t0 t1 t2 t

Figure . Strain components of an elastic material 3

 Load-Strain Behaviour with Time
LOAD
(Plastic Material)

B C

A D E
t0 t1 t2 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence

T
T = P
T = Total Strain
C/D E P = Plastic Strain
L=Locked-in Strain
P
A/B
t0 t1 t2 t
Figure. Strain components of plastic materials

4
 Characteristics of Elastic Strain

. Elastic strain develops in a material

immediately upon application of a load.

. The amount of elastic strain that

develops upon application of a load can
be completely recovered if the load is
removed.

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 Characteristics of Plastic Strain

. Plastic strain develops in a material with

time under a sustained load.

. The amount of plastic strain that

develops upon application of a sustained
load can never be recovered even if the
load is fully removed.

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 Load-Strain Behaviour with Time
LOAD
(Elasto-Plastic Material)

B C

A D E
t0 t1 t2 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence

T = Total Strain
T = E + P E = Elastic Strain
T = R + L P = Plastic Strain
R =Recoverable Strain
L = Locked-in Strain
C

R = E
D E
P (t = t1)
B P

E P(t=t2) = P (t
A = t1)
t0 t1 t2 t

Figure . Strain components of elasto-plastic materials

7
 Load-Strain Behaviour with Time
LOAD
(Elasto-Visco-Plastic Material)

B C

A D E
t0 t1 t2 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence

T  T =  E+  V+  P T = Total Strain
=  R+  L E = Elastic Strain
P = Plastic Strain
 T (t = t1) C
R =Recoverable
R=  E Strain
 P+  V D L = Locked-in Strain
= V+  P
B V
E
E  L (t = t1) =  V+  P
 P (t = t2) =  L(t = t2)
A
t0 t1 t2 t
Figure. Strain components of elasto-visco-plastic materials
8
 Characteristics of Viscous Strain

. Viscous strain develops in a material

with time under a sustained load.

. The amount of viscous strain that

develops upon application of a sustained
load does not recover immediately upon
removal of the load.

• This strain gets recovered at a certain

period of time after removal of the load.

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 Response of Diff. Materials
LOAD
D E

B
C G
F
P

A H
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence

STRAIN
D (2E) E (2E)

E E
B (E)
C (E) G (E)
F (E)
E
E
A H
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME

Figure . Strain response of an elastic material to the

above loading regime

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 Response of Diff. Materials
LOAD
D E

B
C G
F
P

A H
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME
Figure . Loading-unloading sequence

G/H (4p)
STRAIN
p
S

E/F (3P)
2P
2S

C/D (P)
p
A/B S

t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME

Figure . Strain response of a plastic material to the

above loading regime

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 Response of Diff. Materials

E (2E + 3P)
G (E + 4P)
2P E p
2S S
D (2E + P) E
STRAIN F (E + 3P)
p
E H (4P)

C (E + P)
p
B S

E
A
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME

Figure . Strain response of an elasto-plastic material

to the above loading regime

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 Response of Diff. Materials

E (2E + 3P+3v)
G [ (E+3P+3V)+P+V - V]
= (E+4P+3V)
2P+2V E
p
S E
D (2E + P + V) F (E+3P+3V)
STRAIN

H (4P+3V)
E I (4P+2V)
p+V C (E + P) J (4P+ V)
B
K (4P)

E
A
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 TIME

NOTE: Dt = t1-t0 = t2-t1 = t3-t2 = t4-t3 = t5-t4 = t6-t5

Figure . Strain response of an elasto-visco-plastic

material to the above loading regime

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Universal Testing Machine

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Closer Look

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Different Types of Grips

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Definition of Gage Length

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Test Specimens

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Stress-Strain Curve

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 Stress-Strain Curve

b) Aluminum alloy

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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Stress and Strain

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 9. Poisson’s Ratio

Rubber: 0.5
Glass: 0.18-0.30
Concrete: 0.2
Steel: 0.27-0.30
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10. Definitions Related to Stress-Strain
Curves

Plastic flow zone

U

E R
Y
P

34
10. Definitions Related to Stress-Strain
Curves

35
10. Definitions Related to Stress-Strain
Curves

36
 10. Definitions Related to Stress-Strain
Curves

Plastic flow zone

U

E R
Y
P

Modulus of Resilience: ability to absorb energy without

37
causing any permanent deformation
 10. Definitions Related to Stress-Strain
Curves

Plastic flow zone

U

E R
Y
P

Modulus of Toughness: ability to absorb energy without

38
causing it to break
 11. Ductile and Brittle Material

Plastic flow zone

U

E R
Y
P

Ductile Material: associated with large plastic

deformation before failure
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 11. Ductile and Brittle Material

Stress

Strain

Brittle Material: does not show any large plastic

deformation before failure

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Typical Stress-Strain Behaviour of Steel
STRESS

e

e = elastic strain
p = plastic strain

STRAIN
p e

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 Creep Behaviour of Materials
LOAD

B C D E

A
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME
Figure . Loading sequence

Creep Strain
STRAIN

E (E + 3p+ 3V)

C (E + p+V)

D (E + 2p+ 2V)

B (E )

A
t0 t1 t2 t3 TIME
NOTE: Dt = t1-t0 = t2-t1 = t3-t2

Figure . Creep behaviour of an elasto-visco-plastic material

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 ISOCHRONOUS LOAD-STRAIN CURVES

P
SPECIMEN 1 SPECIMEN 2 SPECIMEN 3
///// ///// /////

P3

P2

P1 P1 P2 P3

t0 t

Figure . Series of loading verses time for deriving Isochronous curves

 ISOCHRONOUS LOAD-STRAIN CURVES

(a) Total strain-time plot (b) Isochronous load-strain curves

T T= E + V + P P t0
P3
P3 t1
P2
P2
P1 t2
P1

t3

T3
T2
T1

t0 t1 t T1 T2 T3 T

Figure . Deriving Isochronous load-strain curves for elasto-visco-plastic materials

SIGNIFICANCE OF ISOCHRONOUS LOAD-STRAIN CURVES

P
t0

t1

t2
P1

t3
P2

P3 D = Design Strain

D T

Load carrying capacity of a creeping material

reduces with time for a particular design strain
 EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

1) Elastic material: Steel up to proportional limit.

2) Elasto-plastic material: Jute geotextile, Bitumen, Steel up to

ultimate stress, Sandy soil etc.

3) Elasto-visco-plastic material: Synthetic geotextile, Synthetic

geogrid and saturated clay soil.

Geotextile/Geogrid

RC Cantilever Wall Reinforced Earth Wall

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 1
2

Conventional Earth Embankment

Material
savings
1
1

Land savings
Geotextiles /Geogrids

Reinforced Earth Embankment

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 Concrete Armour

Brick Khoa Layer

Geotextile

River Bank Protection Scheme

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