Audio CD player

AM detector
Echo-canceller

Presented by
K. Sivamani M.Sc., M.Phil.,
Audio CD player
 CD player –An intro
• A compact disc (CD) is a optical storage device structured
as a thin, circular disc of metal and plastic about 12cm
(just over 4.5 inches) in diameter. Most of the CD is made
from a tough, brittle plastic called polycarbonate.
• It‘s made up of three layers sandwiched together, in the
middle there is a thin layer of aluminum.
• On top of the aluminum, is a protective layer of plastic
and lacquer.
• Information, be it analog (such as voice, still
images, video) or digital (e.g., text, computer files) can be
represented in binary format as a string of 0's and 1's.
• These binary strings can be stored on optical disks and
retrieved (for reproduction) using lasers and other
sophisticated opto-electronic instruments.
 Audio CD player – History
• The technology behind CDs was invented in the late
1960s by James T. Russell.
• An avid music fan, he longed for a sound-recording
system that would reproduce music more exactly
than LP records and cassette tapes.
• He patented the first ever optical sound recording
system in 1970, refining it over the years that
followed.
• Audio CDs finally made their commercial debut in
Europe in 1982, launched by the Sony and Philips
electronics corporations, and appeared in the United
States.
Inside a CD Player
Audio CD player – Block diagram
Audio CD player – Working mechanism
Audio CD player – Working mechanism

Pits are 120 nm deep and 600 nm

wide. Laser beam scatters when it
scans a pit, which translates into a
drop in reflected beam intensity.

The laser beam (wavelength ~ 780 nm) is focused onto

the data side of the disk (focused spot diameter ~ 1mm).
The laser moves in the radial direction over the fast
spinning disk and scans the data track.
CD in Cross-section
• A CD can store up to 74
minutes of music, so the total
amount of digital data that
must be stored on a CD is:

2 channels  44,100
samples/channel/second 
2 bytes/sample  74
minutes  60
seconds/minute =
783,216,000 bytes

• To fit more than 783

megabytes onto a disk only 12
cm in diameter requires that
the individual bits be very
small.
AM Detector
 AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink
Channel

Modulator Demodulator

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with frequency
fm fc fm
(Modulating Signal) (Modulated Signal)
fc >> fm
Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz
Example Amplitude modulation
 Demodulation of AM Signals

Demodulation extracting the baseband message from

the carrier.

•There are 2 main methods of AM Demodulation:

• Envelope or non-coherent detection or demodulation.

• Synchronised or coherent demodulation.
 Envelope/Diode AM Detector

If the modulation depth is > 1, the distortion below occurs

K>1
 Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation

This is relatively more complex and more expensive. The Local

Oscillator (LO) must be synchronised or coherent, i.e. at the same
frequency and in phase with the carrier in the AM input signal.
MATLAB Results of AM demodulator
Echo-canceller
 Introduction
• Echo cancellation and echo suppression are the methods
used in telephony to improve voice quality by preventing
echo from being created or removing it after it is already
present.
• In addition to improving subjective audio quality, echo
suppression increases the capacity achieved through
silence suppression by preventing echo from traveling
across a network.
• Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response
to the first use of satellites for telecommunications.
• Echo suppression and cancellation methods are commonly
called acoustic echo suppression (AES) and acoustic echo
cancellation (AEC), and more rarely line echo cancellation
(LEC).
The principle and notation of an echo
canceller
 Operations
• The acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) process
works as follows:
1. A far-end signal is delivered to the system.
2. The far-end signal is reproduced.
3. The far-end signal is filtered and delayed to
resemble the near-end signal.
4. The filtered far-end signal is subtracted from the
near-end signal.
5. The resultant signal represents sounds present in
the room excluding any direct or reverberated
sound.
A block diagram of a full-duplex
digital subscriber loop transceiver
 Acoustic Echo Cancellation
• Acoustic echo cancellation is important for audio
teleconferencing when simultaneous
communication (or full-duplex transmission) of
speech is necessary. In acoustic echo cancellation,
a measured microphone signal contains two
signals:
• The near-end speech signal
• The far-end echoed speech signal
• The goal is to remove the far-end echoed speech
signal from the microphone signal so that only the
near-end speech signal is transmitted.
MATLAB demo – Echo return Loss
enhancement
• Since you have access to
both the near-end and far-
end speech signals, you
can compute the Echo
Return Loss
Enhancement (ERLE),
which is a smoothed
measure of the amount (in
dB) that the echo has been
attenuated.

• From the plot, observe that

you achieved about a 35
dB ERLE at the end of the
convergence period