Subject :

Pavement and Foundation

Engineering

Prepared By:

Mehroz Baloch
Introduction to Pavement and
Types of Pavements
 Pavement Purpose

• Load support
• Smoothness
• Drainage
 Classification of roads
• One layer road
– Earth road (10-20 Km-h)
• Two layered roads
– Earth and sand (20-35 Km-h)
• 3- Layered road
– Earth, sand and aggregate (35-50 Km-h)
• 4- Layer system
– Includes asphalt spray to bind the aggregate (50-
70 Km-h)
 Types of Pavement

• Flexible Pavement
• Rigid Pavement
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
Types of Pavements
Flexible Rigid
 Flexible Pavement Structure
– Porous Asphalt Layer
– Wearing course /Surface course
– Base course
– Sub-base course
– Subgrade
 Drainage layer
• Camber (slope 1 in 40 or 2.5%)
suitable for single lane roads
• For longer and wider rods, camber may not be
safe, therefore water stays on the roads and
may cause problems
• To avoid this, porous asphalt layers are laid to
provide proper drainage
• Composed of course grain material to drain
down water easily towards the next layer
 Surface Dressing
• Also known as chip seal
• Used in low cost projects
• On the top of base course, bitumen is spread
and followed by the spray of fine aggregate
• To aviod from water being penetrated to
subgrade
• Weaker in nature
Flexible Pavement Structure
 Surface / wearing Course
• Top Layer
• Bound Layer
• Bituminous layer
• Related to riding quality
• Drainage
 Wearing Course Requirements
• The top layer of pavement which is in direct contact with the wheel of the vehicle.
Usually constructed of material in which bitumen is used as binder materials.
• Consists of combination of mineral aggregate with bituminous binder
• For good service throughout the full life bituminous pavement must retain
following qualities.
– Freedom from cracking, raveling, rutting, stripping etc.
– Resistance to weathering conditions including the effect of surface water heat
and cold.
– Resistance to internal moisture, particularly to water vapors.
– Tight impermeable surface or porous surface (if either is needed for contained
stability of underlying base or subgrade).
– Smooth riding and non skidding surface.
• The design should be done so that to meet the above requirements for considerable
number of years (need proper design and construction supervision)
 Base Course
• Bound layer / Unbound Layer
• Distributes load
• Provides Drainage
• Resistance to fatigue cracking
 Types of Base course
• Granular Base Course
– A mixture of soil particles ranging in size from coarse to fine. Processing involve
crushing oversized particles and screening where it is necessary to secure the desired
grading. The requirements of a satisfactory soil aggregate surface are;
• Stability
• Resistance to abrasion
• Resistance to penetration of water
• Capillary properties to replace moisture lost by surface evaporation upon the
addition of wearing course requirement change.
• Macadam Base
– Successive layers of crushed rock mechanically locked by rolling and bonded by stone
screening (rock duct, stone chips etc).
• In-water bound Macadam
– The crushed stones are laid, shaped and compacted and then finer materials are added
and washed into surface to provide a dense material.
• Treated Bases
– Compose of mineral aggregate and additive to make them strong or more resistant to
moisture. Among the treating agents is bitumen.
 Sub-base
• It is layer of granular material provided above subgrade
generally natural gravel.
• It is usually not provided on subgrade of good quality.
• It enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable
levels in subgrade in the Road Cross Section.
• It acts as a working plate form for the construction of
upper pavement layers.
• Acts as a drainage layer, by protecting the subgrade
from wetting up.
• It intercept upward movement of water by capillary
action.
• It acts as a separating layer b/w subgrade and road base.
By this it prevent the two layers from mixing up.
 Subgrade
• Provides base to the pavement structure
• Resistance to rutting
• Dictate number of layers in pavement
Wheel Load Distribution
 Flexible Pavement Typical
Applications
• Traffic lanes
• Auxiliary lanes
• Ramps
• Parking areas
• Frontage roads
• Shoulders

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 Advantages to Flexible Pavement

• Adjusts to limited differential settlement

• Easily repaired
• Additional thickness added any time
• Non-skid properties do not deteriorate
• Quieter and smoother
• Tolerates a greater range of temperatures

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 Disadvantages of Flexible Pavement

• Loses some flexibility and cohesion with time

• Needs resurfacing sooner than PC concrete
• Not normally chosen where water is expected

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