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Photography
 It was derived from two Greek words: phos (light) and
graphos (draw/chart/sketch).
 A science or an art of obtaining images on a sensitized
material by the action of electromagnetic radiation or
rays through the use of a camera and its accessories
and the chemical process involved therein.

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Elements of Photography
 Images
 Sensitized materials
 Light
 Camera
 Chemical

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Police Photography
 The science which deals with the study of the
principles of photography and the preparation of
photographic evidence and its application to police
work.

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 Uses of
Photography in
Police Work

Identification

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 Communication
and micro film
files

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 Evidence

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 Offender detection

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 Court
exhibits

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 Reproduction
or copying

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 Personnel
Training

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 Crime and fire
prevention
hazard

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 Public
relations

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 Primary ways of using photography
in police work
 as a means of identification
 as a method of discovering, recording, and preserving
evidence
 as away to present, in the courtroom, an impression of
the pertinent elements of a crime
 as a training and public relations medium for police
programs.

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 Forensic
Photography

The process of
photographing
crime scene or
any other objects
for court
presentation.

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 Photomacrography

Photographing
objects directly
enlarged on the
negative and
magnified from
one to nine
times.

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 Photomicro
graphy
The art of
photographing
minutes objects
when magnified by
means of a
microscope and
enlarge from 10 times
and up.

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 Infra-red
photography
The art or process
of photographing
or recording
unseen objects by
means of infra-red
light.

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 Ultra-violet
photography
The art or process of
photographing or
recording unseen
objects by means of
ultra-violet lights or
filters. It involves
two methods: ultra-
violet lamp and
ultra-violet filter.

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 Microphotography
A very small
photograph as
encountered in
microfilming or
with the use of
micro-film.

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 X-ray
photography
The process of
photographing
or recording
the internal
structure of the
body.

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 Flash
photography
Applied to the
technique whereby
exposures are
made with
illumination from
one or more
photographs.

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 Mug shot
photography
It is usually use for
personal identification
which is the first use of
photography in police
work.

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 Thermo
photography
A kind of photo
where we use
laser beam
radiation using
laser beam film.

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 Aerial photography

A kind of
photography
applied for
photo mapping.

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 Underwater
photography
Photographing
things
underwater

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 Night
photography
Technique used to
capture images at
night.

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 Panoramic
photography
It involves using
specialized
equipment or
software, that
captures images with
elongated fields of
view. It is sometimes
known as wide
format photography.

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 A photograph is
the mechanical
and chemical
result of
photography.

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 To produce a
photograph,
light is needed
aside from
sensitized
materials.

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 Lights reflected or radiated
by a subject must reach the
sensitized materials while all
other lights must be
excluded.

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 The exclusion of
all unwanted and
unnecessary lights
is achieved by
placing the
sensitized material
inside a camera.

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 The amount of
light on the
sensitized material
after exposure is
not immediately
visible to the eyes.

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 To make the formed
image visible, it must
undergo the
development
process.

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 The visual effect
that results from
the chemical
processing is
depended on the
quantity and
quality of the
exposing light.

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 More light will
yield an opaque
or black shade
on the
sensitized
material after
development.

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 Too little light
will produce a
transparent or
white shade.

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 The varying
shade of gray
will finally form
the complete
image.

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 EVOLUTION OF
PHOTOGRAPHY

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Aristotle (347-322 BC).
 A famous Greek philosopher who invented the first
pinhole camera that was known later as Camera
Obscura (Italian word for darkroom chamber) which is
literally translated as Darkened Fox.

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 CAMERA OBSCURA

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 CAMERA OBSCURA

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Alhazen (965-1039).
 He found out that light entering a small hole on the
wall or shuttered window of a darkened room cast an
upside down picture of the scene outside onto the
opposite wall.
 He was considered to be the one invented the camera.

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Jean Baptiste Forta
 He made used of the Camera Obscura and replaced
the hole with a lens which made the image brighter
and sharper.
 He was the one who introduced the lens.

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 LENS

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Johann Henrich Schulze
 A German scientist (Anatomist) who discovered the
Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light it turned
purple.
 He discovered that the evening action was not due to
heat but light.
 He finally concluded that Silver Nitrate is sensitive to
light and capable of producing images.

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Thomas Wedgewood (1802)
 He discovered that Silver Chloride is more sensitive
than Silver Nitrate and thus, more capable of
recording and producing images.

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Joseph Nicephore Niepce
 By 1822, he claim some success, achieving what he
called Points De Vue – smart images made by the
Camera Obscura with more than eight hours exposure.
 He took the world’s very first photograph called
Heliography.

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Louise Jacques Mande
Daguerre (1838-1839)
 He invented the principle that Silver plate photograph
and using the Daguerro type that produces one of a
kind picture on metal which was presented by French
Scientific Academy.
 He invented the Daguerro type in Paris.

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 DAGUERROTYPE

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Mathew B. Brady
 When the American Civil War broke out, he was able
to preserve the scene with the use of a camera.

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 MATHEW B. BRADY

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William Henry Fox Talbot
(1839)
 He is the Father of Modern Photography.
 He invented the Calotype which produces a negative
picture on paper, the light on the image was recorded
as dark and dark as light.

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 CALOTYPE

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  An image of a latticed
window in Lacock Abbey in
1835 by Talbot is a print from
the oldest photographic
negative in existence.

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John F.W. Herschel
 He coined the word Photography.

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Frederick Scott Archer
 He pioneered the wet collodian process which took
place of the Collotype known as colodian type process.

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Ambrotype

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Ferrotype

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Daniel Barbaro
 He introduced the use of the lens in the camera.

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Sir Isaac Newton (1666)
 An English Philosopher, Mathematician and Physicist
who discovered and proved that the strongest light is
white light.
 He defended his theory by allowing a white light
(sunlight) to pass through a prism thus refracting and
diffracting the light onto its component parts.

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Maddaox (1884)
 He successfully introduced the plate with gelatin. The
roll film came and new brands of cameras with
different lens and mechanism were placed in the
market.

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Andre Adulphe Eugene Disperi
 He popularized the small cheap portrait wherein
anyone could afford a picture of himself or herself.

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Nadar
 He took the first Aerial photographs of Paris from a
free balloon in 1858.

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Sir William Abney
 He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a
developing agent in 1880 in England.

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George Eastman
 Introduced the use of roll film made of celluloid
materials for use by a portable camera.

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Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)
 He discovered X-ray photography which later become
the basis of Radiograph used by the doctors in
measuring the heartbeat and to see the other structure
of the body.

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D.O. Hill and Robert Adamson
 Used photographic portraits
in printing.

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Aloh Roemer (Denmark)
 He measured the speed of light in 1676.

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James Clark Maxwell.
 A British scientist who
discovered the wavelength
structure of light after 20 years
of research.
 Colour photographs could be
formed using red, green and
blue filters.

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Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor
 He introduced a process of negatives on glass using
albumen as a binding medium.

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Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard
 He introduced a printing paper coated with albumen
to achieve a glossy surface.

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Odelbercht
 He first advocated the use of photography for the
identification of criminals and the documentation of
evidence and crime scenes.

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Alphonse Bertillon (1882)
 He initiated anthropometric measurements for
personal identification was also involved in various
means of documentation by photography which
developed into a fine science of Criminalistics when he
photographed crime scenes and formulated a
techniques of contact photography to demonstrate
erasures on documents.

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Dr. R.A. Reis (1902),
 A German scientist who contributed heavily to the use
of photography in forensic science and established the
world’s earliest crime laboratory that serviced the
academic community and the Swiss police.

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Victor Baltazard (1910)
 He developed a method of photographic comparison
of bullets and cartridge cases which act as an early
foundation of the field of ballistics.

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Edwin H. Land (1947)
 He introduced Polaroid – one-step photography.

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Gabriel Lippmann (1908)
 He won the Nobel Laureate in Physics for his method
of reproducing colors photographically based on the
phenomenon of interference, also known as Lippman
plate.

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D.A. Woodward (1857)
 First constructed an enlarger.

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Wothly
 He made a few improvements to Woodward's solar
camera, and exhibited portraits almost at life size.
Wothly's solar camera was a monstrosity! The
condenser had a diameter of 1 metre. The heat of the
condensed rays of sun was such that one had to have
water troughs built in.

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Draper (1840)
 First ever reference to an enlarging process can be
attributed to Draper. In 1840 he wrote: "Exposures are
made with a very small camera on very small plates.
They are subsequently enlarged to the required size in
a larger camera on a rigid stand.

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Griffin and Sons
 They made the simple
daylight enlarger.

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Steven Sasson
 An American Electrical
Engineer who invented the
digital camera.

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 IMPORTANT DATES

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16th century
 Italian scholars used the camera as a drawing
apparatus. Instead of using a darkroom, they used box
with a lens and placed a mirror.

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17th century
 Camera Obscura was built-in with convex lens.

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1800
 Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey Davy produced
photograms.

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 PHOTOGRAM

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1839
 The birth year of modern photography, the year when
the Science of Photography became a public
knowledge.

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1850
 The year when photography was already well-
developed. It was used as an art concerned with
landscape, portraiture and architectural presentation.

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1835
 The year when colored films, sensitized materials and
different brands of cameras came in different types
and model sold in the market.

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1859
 In the United States, one of the earliest applied
Forensic Science was in photography. It was used to
demonstrate evidence in a California case. Enlarged
photographs of a signature were presented in a court
case involving forgery.

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1890
 Full corrected lens were introduced.

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1906
 A plate was placed on the market that could reproduce
all colors in equivalent shades of gray.

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1907
 Lummiere color process was introduced. A
panchromatic film was used but with blue, green and
red filter.

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1935
 Color process came out
together with electronic
flash.

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1960
 LASER was invented making possible Holograms – tri-
dimensional pictures.

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1970
 Colored photography has matured as an artistic
medium.

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1981
 Sony unveiled the firs consumer camera to use a
charge-couple device for imaging, eliminating the
need for film. The Sony Mavica saved images to disk,
the images were displayed on television, and the
camera was not fully digital.

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1988
 Arrival of true digital cameras.

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1990
 Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially
available digital cameras.

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 LENS

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  A system of one or more
pieces of glass bounded by
spherical surfaces the center
of which is at a common axis
termed as lens axis.

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Two Main Types of Lens
According to Shape
 Convergent or Positive or Convex Lens.
 Negative or Concave or Biconcave Lens

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Convergent or Positive or
Convex Lens
 It is always thicker at the center and thinner at the side.
 Light passing through it are bended toward each other on the
other side of the lens meeting at a certain point.
 It produces a real image on the opposite side of the lens or
where light is coming from.

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Negative or Concave or
Biconcave Lens
 It is always thinner at the center and thicker at the sides.
 Light passing through it are bended away from each other as if
coming from a point.
 It produces a virtual image on the same side of the lens or
where light is coming from.

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Three Basic Categories of Lens
 Normal lens
 Wide angle lens
 Telephoto lens

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Normal lens
 One with a focal length equal to the diagonal measure of the
image area.
 The normal lens is usually standard equipment on a camera,
and is intermediate between wide angle and telephoto lens.
 The picture angle is 45° up to 75° which corresponds to the
viewing angle of the human eye.

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Wide angle lens
 It has a shorter focal length than the normal lens and as a result, it
covers a picture angle 60° wider than normal lens.
 It enables photographing a widely extended scene from a close
proximity or within a confined area.
 In police work, the wide angle lens should be used under restricted
conditions when the photographer is able to cover the desired
picture area with a longer focal length.

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Telephoto lens or long focus
lens
 It has a longer focal length and provides a close-up image of a
distant subject.
 In contrast to the wide angle lens, the telephoto covers a
smaller field of view and a shallower depth of field.
 Production of a flat composition, far objects appear enlarged
while near object do not appear proportionally large.

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 Main Groups of Camera
Lens
 Simple Miniscus Lens.
 Rapid Rectilinear Lens.
 Anastigmatic lens.
 Achromatic lens.
 Process lens.
 Fixed Focus lens.

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Simple Miniscus Lens
 This is usually found in simple or box camera
comprises a single piece of glass with one side convex
and other side concave.
 It is uncorrected lens and therefore suffers from
inherent defects of lenses.

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Rapid Rectilinear Lens
 It is a combination of two achromatic lens with almost
the same focal length.
 This is corrected from some kind of lens defect but not
an astigmatism defect.

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Anastigmatic lens
 A lens which is free from
astigmatism or other types of
lens defect.

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Achromatic lens
 A lens which is partly
corrected from achromatic
aberration.
 Achromatic- refracting light
w/o dispersing it into its
consistent colors:giving
images free from extraneous
colors.(black,white, and gray
=no hue)

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Process lens
 A saucer-corrected lens for astigmatism.
 It has a better color correction and has the ability to
produce the best definition of image in the
photographs.

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Fixed Focus lens
 A lens used in all fixed focus camera.
 Basically, it has a short focal length and greater depth
of field.

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Special Types of Lens

 Macro lens.
 Zoom lens.

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Macro lens
 The word macro was derived from a Greek word which
means to “enlarge”.
 In photographic terms, a macro lens is designed with
extended focusing capabilities to shoot few inches
from a subject.

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Zoom lens
 Allows quick adjustment to give a wide or narrow field
of vision.
 It can be moved back and forth while other elements
stay in place which gives the same effect as if the
camera itself was moving towards or away from the
subject.

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 Forms of Optical Aberration
 Spherical aberration.
 Chromatic aberration.
 Astigmatism.
 Coma.
 Curvature of Field.
 Distortion.
 Flare or optical flare.
 Mechanical flare.
 Light loss.
 Stray light.

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Spherical aberration
 The focusing at different points of rays passing through different
parts of spherical lens.
 It occurs because light hitting the outer part of the lens is bent
more sharply and comes to a focus sooner than passing through
the middle.
 The image is blurred.

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Chromatic aberration
 The failure of different colored light rays to focus after passing
through a lens, focusing of light of different colors at different
points resulting in a blurred image.
 In chromatic aberration, colored fringes surround the image
because light of different colors is brought to different focal
points by a lens.

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Astigmatism
 The ability of the lens to bring horizontal and vertical lines in
the subject to the same plane of focus in the image.
 It occurs at the edge of image, the image appears elliptical or
cone-shaped because of an irregularity in the curvature of the
lens.

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Coma
 It occurs when light falling obliquely (not
direct,neitgher perpendicular nor parallel,having a
slante position) on the lens and passing through
different circular zones is brought to a focus at
different distances from the film plane.
 A spot of light appears to have tail rather like a comet.

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Curvature of Field
 A curved, concave or saucer shaped image of an object
which has a flat surface.
 The image distance is different for different points of
the object due to their different distance from the axis.

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Distortion
 Inability to produce the same enlargement in the
image formed by the edges of the lens as in that part
formed by the center of the lens.

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Flare or optical flare
 A result of double reflection from inner lens surfaces.
 It exhibits self as a misty, hazy or cloudy semi-circular
path of light.

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Mechanical flare
 Bright spot on the film caused by stray light from worn
shiny parts of the lens such as the stops, shutter, lens
mount or from inside the camera itself.

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Light loss
 Most corrected lenses are coated with a substance
which will reduce one type of flare and which will also
increase the optics inability to transmit light, thus
reducing light loss.

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Stray light
 It can be reduced or eliminated by using the proper
lens shade placed on the front of the lens or shield.

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 FILTERS

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  These are discs of glass or negative which when placed in front of
the camera lens stop one or another color of light from passing
through in striking the film.
 Usually they are used only for black and white photography and
even then should not be used for most police photography.

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  These are usually made of glass or gelatin materials placed in
front of or before the lens.
 These are used to change the composition of available light
before allowing it to strike the film.
 A transparent colored medium employed to regulate either the
color or the intensity of the light used to expose the film.

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 Uses of Filters in Photography

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Clear filters
 It is also known as window glass filters or optical
flats, are completely transparent, and ideally
perform no filtering of incoming light at all.
 The only use of a clear filter is to protect the front of
the lens.

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UV Filter
 This is used to reduce haziness created by ultraviolet
light.
 Mostly transparent to visible light, and can be left o
the lens for nearly all shots.
 Often used for lens protection, much like clear
filters.

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Color Correction
 A major use is to compensate for the effects of lighting not
balanced for the film stock’s rated color temperature.
 The use of these filters has been greatly reduced by the
widespread adoption of digital photography, since color
balance problems are now often addressed with software after
the image is captured, or with camera settings as the image is
captured.

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Color conversion filters
• These are with odd reference number which is yellowish or
orange, for lowering the color temperature of the light.
• Filters with even numbers are bluish and raise the color
temperature.
• These set filters change a particular light source by the amount
required for a particular film type.

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Color compensating filters
• These are best bought as gelatins of various tints and
strengths. These allow you to “fine tune” adjustments
towards warmer or colder results due to batch
variations, working conditions, non-standard light
sources.

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Color subtraction filters
 These work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the
remaining colors through.
 They can be used to demonstrate the primary colors that make up
an image.
 They are perhaps most frequently used in the printing industry for
color separations, and again, use has diminished as digital solutions
have become more advanced and abundant.

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Contrast enhancement
 Filters are commonly used in black and white
photography to manipulate contrast.
 For example a yellow filter will enhance the contrast
between clouds and sky by darkening the latter.

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Polarizer

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CIRCULAR POLARIZER
 These are specifically designed for use with auto-focus
SLR cameras.
 They will also work on manuals systems without
problems.

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LINEAR POLARIZER FILTER
 These are used with most video and manual focus
photo cameras.
 They are not recommended for auto focus SLR
cameras.

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 Types of Filters

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Blue filters
 These can be used effectively when photographing
blood in black and white.
 When used outdoors, it will make the sky or any
blue objects appear white in the photograph.

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Green filters
Used in place of the blue filter for photographing
blood often they work better than the blue filter.

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 GREEN FILTERS

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Yellow Filter
 It can be used to photograph white cars; the details of
the car will stand out.
 Yellow filters also cut through haze to certain extent
and can be used with good results to photograph an
accident on a hazy day.

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Ultraviolet Filter
 It is not a filter for ultraviolet photography rather it is a filter
which screen out the violet end of the spectrum.
 When placed in front of a lens, it will not only improve most
of the police photographer’s work but it will also prevent his
lens from being scratched.

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Special 18A Deep Purple Filter
 It is the correct filter for ultraviolet
photography.
 These are often used in photography; its short
wavelength gives better definition of the fine details.

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Polarizing filter
 It is used to cut down light transmission. They do no
otherwise affect the color or tonal quality of the scene.
 It polarizes reflected light from a non-metallic surface such as
water and reduced reflection in the photograph.
 It is the only filter than can increase the blue saturation in the
sky in a color photograph.

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Filter Classification

 contrast
 correction
 haze
 sky
 polarizing filter

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 LIGHT BALANCING FILTER
 A filter used to change the
color quantity of the
exposing light in order to
secure proper color balance
for artificial light films.

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Color compensating filter
 This is used to change the over-all color balance of
photographic result obtained with color films and to
compensate for deficiencies in the quality of the
exposing energy.

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Neutral density filter
This filter is used when the light is too bright to
allow the use of the desired f-number or shutter
speed with a particular film.

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 NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER

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NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER

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Polarizing filter
 This is used to reduce or minimize reflections on
subjects like water, glass, and highly polished
surfaces.

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 SENSITIZED MATERIALS

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 Definition of Terms

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Film

 It is a cellulose tape or plate where silver salts are

suspended capable of recording light.
 Its primary function is to record the image that is
focused upon it by the lens of the camera.

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Latent image

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Photographic paper

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  A type of light sensitized material that produces a
positive result or photographs after development
which is the final result of photography.
 A material suspended with emulsion.

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Film Speed
 It is determined by the ASA number of the film that ranges from ASA
25, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000 or 2000.
 This implies that the higher the ASA number, the more sensitive
the film is when exposed to light.
 Lower ASA film are very good or commonly used in document
photography purpose which is commonly used in a dim or well
lighted room, records images in split second and could record moving
objects.

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Exposure index

 It refers to the film rating or the number of the

exposed film.

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Graininess

 It is the granular appearance of the enlarged image.

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Silver halide crystals
 It carry minute specks of metallic
silver – so called sensitivity specks
with amount in mass to about 1/1,
000, 000, 000 part of the silver
halide crystal.
 It is a compound of silver with
fluorine, chlorine, bromine or
iodine crystal.

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  Electric charge on the specks attract silver ions from the
neighboring silver halides, and as the silver ions accumulate,
they become metallic silver, causing the speck to grow halides
(e.g. bromide) ions at the same time migrate to the surface of the
silver halide crystal and are absorbed by the gelatin emulsion.

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Panchromatic film
 It is sensitive to all colors especially blue and violet.
It is suitable for general use in the preparation of
black and white photographs.

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Blue sensitive film
 A film especially treated that makes it more
sensitive to blue rays of light.

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Orthochromatic or Kodalith
Film

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  Sensitive to all colors except red. Good for
fingerprint photography or document (high
contrast).

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Minicopy film

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Polaroid Film

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  A special type of sensitized material that produces a
photograph immediately after exposure.

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 Color film

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Color Film
 Color negatives – for prints, ends in the word
“COLOR”.
 Color transparency – for slides, ends in the word
“CHROME”.

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Color Negatives

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Color infra red film

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  A special type of film which is sensitive to infra-red
radiation.
 It is also sensitive to violet and blue green.
 It is useful in penetrating haze because of its longer
wavelength.

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  In investigative photography, it is useful in laboratory
analysis of questionable documents.
 In the discovery of old or faded tattoos or areas where
small objects are hidden under the skin, and in the
construction of camera traps.

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X-ray film
 A material which is sensitive to the X-ray region of
the electromagnetic spectrum.

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 Layers of a Color Film

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Halo

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 Characteristics of Black and
White Films

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Emulsion speed
 The different indicators of emulsion speed are as follows:
 ASA (American Standard Association) rating – expressed in
arithmetical value.
 DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) rating – expressed in logarithmic
value.
 ISO (International Standard Organization) rating – expressed in
the combined arithmetical and logarithmic values.

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Spectral sensitivity
 The different classifications of films as according to its spectral
sensitivity are:
 Blue sensitive film – sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue light only.
 Orthochromatic film – sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue light only.
 Panchromatic film – sensitive to ultraviolet radiation to blue, green and red
light or all colors.
 Infra-red film – sensitive to ultraviolet rays to blue, green, red light and
infra-red rays.

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Granularity or graininess
 This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after development
of an exposed film.
 The sizes of the metallic silver grains are dependent on the emulsion speed of the
film and the type of developing solution that is used in processing.
 The rule is: The lower the emulsion speed rating of the film, the finer is the grain
and conversely, the higher the emulsion speed rating of the film, the bigger are the
grains.
 Likewise, a film developer will produce a finer grain than a paper developer when
used for film processing.

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 Photographic papers

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  Modern photographic papers are basically composed of a light sensitive
coating (emulsion) on a paper base or support.
 The emulsion suspended on a gelatin is generally made of silver halide
salts.
 To withstand the rigors of soaking in chemical solution and water
during processing and washing, as well as the variety of degree in
humidity and temperature, the base is made of wood pulp.

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Wood pulp

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Emulsion speed

 chloride paper – has a slow speed and is suited for

contact printing
 bromide paper – has a fast speed and is
recommended for projection printing or enlarging
 chloro-bromide paper – a multi-speed and could be
used in both contact printing and enlarging

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Contact printing

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Projection printing

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 Exposure and development
latitude
 Exposure latitude=the range of exposures within
which a film or plate will produce a negative or
positive of satisfacory quality.
 – generally, photographic papers do not have wide
exposure latitude so exposure must be critical at all
times.

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  Development latitude – papers that do not change
appreciable in contrast and image tone with reasonable
variations in development has good latitude. For best
quality, the developing time should be as near as those
prescribed by the manufacturer.

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Contrast grade or range
 In black and white printing, it is often necessary to adjust the
paper contrast so they can yield a natural scene result from
negatives with density range that are either too low or too
high.
 Some papers are available in several contrast range or grade
while others have built-in contrast control effected by the use
of a filter on the enlarging lens or one the enlarger light
source.

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Physical characteristics

 Surfaces of photographic papers vary in surface

texture or degrees gloss or sheen. They are the glossy
and smooth, semi matte or silk, and the matte or the
rough surface.

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  Base weight or thickness. Under this category, we have
the light weight, single weight, medium weight, and the
double weight.

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  Color maybe “cold” or white with a very slight blue cast,
and the “warm” or “cream” where the white light has a
slight yellow brown line.

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