Advance Algebra (MATH003)

Group 1 / ES12FB2
March 04, 2017
Determinants
Amar, Jobeth Z.
Celino, Roel Vincent E. Jr.
Determinant of a Matrix
The determinant of a matrix is a special number that can be calculated
from a square matrix.
A Matrix is an array of numbers:

A Matrix
(This one has 2 Rows and 2 Columns)
Determinants
Symbol:
The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines either side.

Example:
|A| means the determinant of the matrix A

Calculating the Determinant

First of all the matrix must be square (i.e. have the same number
of rows as columns). Then it is just basic arithmetic. Here is how:
Determinants for 2x2 Matrix

The determinant is:

|A| = ad - bc
"The determinant of A equals a times d minus b times c"
Determinants for 2x2 Matrix
It is easy to remember when you think of a cross:
• Blue means positive (+ad),
• Red means negative (-bc)
Example

|B| = 4x8 – 6x3

= 32
= 14
Determinants for 3x3 Matrix

The determinant is:

|A| = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)
"The determinant of A equals ... etc"
Determinants for 3x3 Matrix
It may look complicated, but there is a pattern:

To work out the determinant of a 3×3 matrix:

• Multiply a by the determinant of the 2×2 matrix that is not in a's row or
column.
• Likewise for b, and for c
• Add them up, but remember that b has a negative sign!
Example
Determinants

The pattern continues for 4×4 matrices

and higher. Usually best to use a Matrix
Calculator for those!
Solutions of Linear System by
Cramer’s Rule
De Ramos, Ahrif Mark C.
Tacorda, Princess Marianne E.
Cramer’s Rule
• Can be extended to apply to any system of 𝑛 linear
equation in 𝑛 variables in which the determinant of
coefficient matrix is not zero

• Another method that can solve systems of

linear equations using determinants.
Cramer’s Rule for System in Two Variables
Given Linear System

Assign name for each matrix

Solve variable X Solve variable Y

Example
Given:

Make it to 2x2 Matrix:

(Use Cross Multiplication to each Determinant)

Solve X and Y:
(Divide the Determinant to solve the X & Y)
Cramer’s Rule for System in Three Variables

Given a linear system. Determinants

a₁ +b ₁ + c₁ = d₁
𝐷𝑥
a₂ + b₂ + c₂ = d₂ x= 𝐷𝑥 =
𝐷
a₃ + b₃ + c₃ = d₃
𝐷𝑦
y= 𝐷𝑦 =
𝐷
x y z constant
𝐷𝑧
z= 𝐷𝑧 =
𝐷
 Cramer’s Rule for System in Three Variables

Sign of cofactors used checkerboards to solve Cramer’s rule:

+ - +
- + -
+ - +
Labelling each of the four matrices to solve for the values of x, y and z.
D = (+) (-) (+) 𝐷𝑥 = (+) (-) (+) 𝐷𝑦 = (+) (-) (+)
a₁ b ₁ c₁ d₁ b ₁ c₁ a₁ d₁ c₁
a₂ b₂ c₂ d₂ b₂ c₂ a₂ d₂ c₂
a₃ b₃ c₃ d₃ b₃ c₃ a₃ d₃ c₃

x y z constant y z x constant z
 Cramer’s Rule for System in Three Variables
(+) (−) (+)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝐷𝑧 = 𝑎
2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

x y constant
Example 1: solve the system w/ three variables by Cramer’s rule.
x + 2y + 3z = -5
3x + y - 3z = 4
-3x + 4y +7z = -7
Construct the four matrices that will be used to solve for the values of x, y and z
Example
Solve:
D= (+) (-) (+) Dx = (+) (-) (+) Dy = (+) (-) (+) Dz= (+) (-) (+)
1 2 3 -5 2 3 1 -5 3 1 2 -5
3 1 -3 4 1 -3 3 4 -3 3 1 4
-3 4 7 -7 4 7 -3 -7 7 3 4 -7

Solution:
D = (+) (-) (+)
1 2 3 = 1 4 -3 -2 3 -3 +3 3 1
3 1 -3 -7 7 -3 7 -3 4
-3 4 7 = 1 [7 – (-12)] – 2(21-9) +3 [12 – (-3]
= 19 – 24 + 45
D = 40
Example
(+) (−) (+)
𝐷𝑥 = −5 2 3
3 1 −3
−3 3 7
1 −3 4 −3 4 1
= −5 −2 +3
4 7 −7 7 −7 4
𝐷𝑥 = -3 (7 - (-12)) – 2 (28 - 21) + 3 (16 – (-7))
𝐷𝑥 = -95 – 14 +69
𝐷𝑥 = -40
Example
(+) (−) (+)
𝐷𝑦 = 1 −5 3
3 4 −3
−3 −7 7
4 −3 3 −3 3 4
=1 +5 +3
−7 7 −3 7 −3 −7
𝐷𝑦 = 1 (28 - 21) + 5 (21 - 9) + 3 (-21 + 12)
𝐷𝑦 = 7 – 60 + 27
𝐷𝑦 = 40
Example
(+) (−) (+)
𝐷𝑧 = 1 2 −5
3 1 4
−3 −7 7
1 4 3 4 3 1
=1 −2 −5
4 −7 −3 −7 −3 4
𝐷𝑧 = 1 (-7 - 16) + 2 (-21 - 12) - 5 (12 + 3)
𝐷𝑧 = 23 – 18 + 75
𝐷𝑧 = -80
Example
Determinants
𝐷𝑥
x= = −1
𝐷
𝐷𝑦
y= =1
𝐷
𝐷𝑧
z= = −2
𝐷

The final answer in this notation is:

(x, y, z) = (−1, 1, −2)
Example
Checking:

Substitute x, y, & z to any of the equations.

x + 2y + 3z = -5
(-1) + 2(1) + 3(-2) = -5
-1 + 2 + -6 = -5
-5 = -5
Adjoint Matrix
Lumbrera, Angelica R.
Adjoint Matrix
• The adjugate, classical adjoint, or adjunct of a square
matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix.
• The adjugate has sometimes been called the "adjoint",
but today the "adjoint" of a matrix normally refers to
its corresponding adjoint operator, which is its
conjugate transpose
• The matrix formed by taking the transpose of the
cofactor of a given original matrix. The adjoint of
matrix A is often written adj A
Example

ai aj ak

a1 1 2 3
𝐴 = a2
0 4 5
a3
1 0 6
Example
1 2 3
𝐴1𝑖 = 0 4 5 4 5
𝐴1𝑖 = = 24
1 0 6 0 6

1 2 3
0 5
𝐴1𝑗 = 0 4 5 𝐴1𝑗 =− =5
1 6
1 0 6

1 2 3
0 4
𝐴1𝑘 = 0 4 5 𝐴1𝑘 = = −4
1 0
1 0 6
Example 1 2 3
𝐴2𝑖 = 0 4 5 2 3
𝐴2𝑖 =− = −12
1 0 6 0 6

1 2 3
1 3
𝐴2𝑗 = 0 4 5 𝐴2𝑗 = =3
1 6
1 0 6

1 2 3
1 2
𝐴2𝑘 = 0 4 5 𝐴2𝑘 =− =2
1 0
1 0 6
Example 1 2 3
𝐴3𝑖 = 0 4 5 2 3
𝐴3𝑖 = = −2
1 0 6 4 5

1 2 3
1 3
𝐴3𝑗 = 0 4 5 𝐴3𝑗 =− = −5
0 5
1 0 6

1 2 3
1 2
𝐴3𝑘 = 0 4 5 𝐴3𝑘 = =4
0 4
1 0 6
Example
As a result, the cofactor matrix of A is
24 5 −4
−12 3 2
−2 − 5 4
4 5 0 5 0 4
𝐴1𝑖 = = 24 𝐴1𝑗 = − =5 𝐴1𝑘 = = −4
0 6 1 6 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
𝐴2𝑖 = − = −12 𝐴2𝑗 = =3 𝐴2𝑘 = − =2
0 6 1 6 1 0

2 3 1 3 1 2
𝐴3𝑖 = = −2 𝐴3𝑗 = − = −5 𝐴3𝑘 = =4
4 5 0 5 0 4
Example
Finally the adjoint of A is the transpose of the cofactor matrix:

24 − 12 − 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 5 3 −5
−4 2 4
24 5 −4
−12 3 2
−2 − 5 4
Differences between
Sequences & Series
Mauricio, Krizzia Anne C.
Sequence
• Sequence refers to an arrangement in the particular order in
which related terms follow each other.
• an ordered set of objects or numbers, like a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,
a6……an…. are said to be in a sequence, if, as per certain rule,
has a definite value. The members of the sequence are called
term or element which is equal to any value of the natural
number. Every term in a sequence is related to the preceding and
succeeding term. In general, sequences have a hidden rules or
pattern, which helps you find out the value of the next term.
• The nth term is the function of integer n (positive), regarded as
the general term of the sequence. A sequence can be finite or
infinite.
Sequence
Example:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11....n..
Series
• The addition of the terms of a sequence (an), is
known as series. Like sequence, series can also be
finite or infinite, where a finite series is one that has
a finite number of terms written as a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
+ a5 + a6 + ……an. Unlike infinite series, where the
number of elements are not finite or which are
unending, written as a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 +
……an +….
• Denotes the summation of the elements of a
sequence.
Sequence
Example:
1+3+5+7+9+11....n..
Basis of Comparison
Advance Algebra (MATH003)
Group 1 / ES12FB2
March 04, 2017