SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Presented by,
PAUL BEN PULLIATTU
Research Scholar
RIT, Kottayam
 Contents
• Types of solid waste
• Solid Waste Management (SWM)
• SWM system
• Solid Waste Treatment
• Waste Disposal
• Factors affecting SWM system
• SWM: The Indian Scenario
 Introduction - Solid Waste
• Rapid increase in the production and consumption processes.

• Societies generate as well as reject solid materials regularly.

• Contributed by various sectors –

• agricultural,
• commercial,
• domestic,
• industrial and
• institutional
Solid Waste

“ wastes arising from human and animal activities that are

normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted ”

Types of solid waste
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
- household waste, sanitation residue, waste from streets…

• Industrial waste
- result from manufacturing process such as that of industries, mills, and mining operations,
Ex: chemical solvents, pigments, sludge, metals, ash, paints, sandpaper, paper products, indus
products, metals, and radioactive wastes…

• Biomedical waste

- any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials.

• Hazardous waste Ignitability, Reactivity, Corrosivity, Toxicity

- waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment
Types of solid waste-Source-based classification
1. Residential -leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes

2. Commercial -leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes, etc.,

from stores, restaurants, markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities
3. Institutional -paper, plastic, glasses
from educational, administrative and public buildings such as schools, colleges, offices
4. Municipal
5. Industrial
6. Agricultural -spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc.,
from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms,
7. Open areas
Impacts of solid waste
• Impacts on human health, animals, and aquatic life
• Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
• Cancer
• Congenital malformations
• Neurological disease
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
• Affects microbes in soil
• Improper disposal of solid waste leads to further environmental
impacts
• Leachate from landfill
• Ground water contamination
• Soil infertility
Need for Solid Waste Management
Kerala Flood Remains…..
Unfortunate management…..
Solid Waste Management (SWM)

“Control of waste generation, its storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing and disposal in a manner that is in accordance

with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics, public attitude and other environmental

considerations.”
SWM system
• Combination of various functional elements associated with
SWM
• Collection and disposal at minimal costs, preserving public
health and minimal adverse impact on the environment.
• Functional elements:
• Waste generation
• Storage
• Collection
• Transfer and transport
• Processing
• Recovery and Recycling
• Waste disposal
SWM System
SWM system (cont.)
• Waste generation
• Storage- collection of wastes never takes place at the source or at
the time of their generation.

• Collection- gathering of wastes and hauling them to the dumping

location.
depends on provided under,
number of containers, various management arrangements,
frequency of collection, -municipal services to franchised services,
types of collection services and routes. and under various forms of contracts.

• Transfer and transport-

• Small vehicles Large trucks Disposal sites
SWM system (cont.)
• Processing- Alter the physical and chemical characteristics of
wastes for energy and resource recovery and recycling.
• The important processing techniques include-
• compaction, thermal volume reduction, manual separation of waste
components, incineration and composting.
• Recovery and recycling: - various techniques, equipment and
facilities used to improve both the efficiency of disposal system
and recovery of usable material and energy. Recovery involves
• Segregation
• Size reduction, separation
• The selection of any recovery process
SWM system (cont.)
• Waste disposal:
• Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes,
• land use planning becomes a primary determinant in the selection, design
and operation of landfill operations.
• A modern sanitary landfill is a method of disposing solid waste without
creating a nuisance and hazard to public health.
• Generally, engineering principles are followed to confine the wastes to the
smallest possible area, reduce them to the lowest particle volume by
compaction at the site and cover them after each day’s operation.
• One of the most important functional elements of SWM, relates to the
final use of the reclaimed land.
WASTE DISPOSAL

• Landfilling is the most simple and economical measure as far as natural

decomposition occurs at the disposal site.
• Sanitary Landfills:- Sanitary Landfilling is a process of dumping of MSW in
a scientifically designed area spreading waste in thin layers, compacting to
the smallest practicable volume and covering with soil on daily basis.
• Underground injection wells:-waste are injected under pressure into a
steel and concrete-encased shafts placed deep in the earth.
• Waste piles:- it is accumulations of insoluble solid, non flowing hazard
waste. Piles serves as temporary or final disposal
• Land treatment:- it is a process by which solid waste, such as sludge from
wastes is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface.
Solid Waste Treatment
• Incineration, Compaction, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Composting
• Incineration
• Controlled combustion in presence of excess air (oxygen) at high temperature
of about 1000˚C to produce gases and residue containing non-combustible
material.
• Can be used to reduce the original volume of combustible MSW by 80– 90%.
• Compaction
• The waste is compacted or compressed.
• It also breaks up large or fragile items of waste.
• Pyrolysis
• Thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air
• Organic substances- Thermally unstable- thermal cracking and condensation-
converted to gaseous, liquid, solid fractions.
Solid Waste Treatment
• Gasification
• partial combustion of MSW in the presence of oxygen to generate a
combustible gas (fuel gas).
• Composting
Factors affecting SWM system
• Quantities and characteristics of wastes
• Climate and seasonal variations
• Physical characteristics of an urban area
• Financial constraints
• Social constraints
• Management and technical resources
MSW: THE INDIAN SCENARIO
MSW: The Indian Scenario
• India is experiencing rapid urbanization while remaining a country with
many diversity
• The population of India was 1324 million in 2016, compared with 1028
million in 2001. Population growth is a major contributor to increasing
MSW in India.
• The physical and chemical characteristics of Indian city refuse, show
that about 80% of it is compostable and ideal for biogas generation.
• During the last decade, garbage was generated in India at nearly twice
the rate of the population growth.
• 15 to 20% wastes remain unattended.
• Untreated waste causes many impacts- The pneumonic plague that
broke out in November 1994 in India (Surat, Gujarat) is a typical
example of solid waste mismanagement.
MSW management in India
• Framing rules for MSW in the year 2000, directed by the Supreme Court
and MoEF.
• In October 2004, specific directions to the larger cities to meet the
requirements of these rules were issued by Supreme Court.
• In 2005 Ministry of Urban Development giving priority to MSWM has
allocated grants to the tunes of Rs 25000 million covering 423 classes I
towns as part of 12th finance committee.
• New solid waste management rules – 2016
• Chandigarh is the first city to develop SWM in a planned way and has
improved waste management
• Municipal authorities are responsible for implementing these rules and
developing infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of MSW.
New rule 2016
• The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC) recently notified the new Solid Waste Management
Rules (SWM), 2016. These will replace the MSW Rules 2000, which
have been in place for the past 16 years.
• According to Union Minister of State for Environment, Forests and
Climate Change, Prakash Javedkar,
• 62 million tonnes of waste is generated annually in the country at present
• Out of which 5.6 million tonnes is plastic waste,
• 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste, hazardous waste generation is 7.90
million tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonnes is e-waste.
• Only about 75-80 per cent of the municipal waste gets collected and only
22-28 per cent of this waste is processed and treated.
Major highlights
• Segregation at source
• The new rules have mandated the source segregation of waste in order to
channelize the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.
• Collect Back scheme for packaging waste
• Collect back non- biodegradable wastes by brands
• User fees for collection
• The new rules have given power to the local bodies across India to decide the user
fees
• Waste processing and treatment
• As per the new rules, it has been advised that the bio-degradable waste should be
processed, treated and disposed of through composting or bio-methanation
• Promoting use of compost
• Promotion of waste to energy
• The rules mandate all industrial units using fuel and located within 100 km from a
solid waste-based Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) plant to make arrangements within six
months from the date of notification of these rules to replace at least 5 per cent of
their fuel requirement by RDF so produced.
Major highlights
• Revision of parameters and existing standards
• landfill site shall be 100 metres away from a river, 200 metres from a pond,
500, 200 metres away from highways, habitations, public parks and water
supply wells and 20 km away from airports/airbase. Emission standards are
completely amended and include parameters for dioxins, furans, reduced
limits for particulate matters from 150 to 100 and now 50. Also, the compost
standards have been amended to align with Fertiliser Control Order.
• Management of waste in hilly areas
• As per the new rules, construction of landfills on hills shall be avoided. Land
for construction of sanitary landfills in hilly areas will be identified in the
plain areas, within 25 kilometers.
• Constitution of a Central Monitoring Committee
• The government has also constituted a Central Monitoring Committee under
the chairmanship of Secretary, MoEF&CC to monitor the overall
implementation of the rules.
Thank you