Zygote
B O D Y
AFigure
cell 47.8x
divided intoinbillion
Cleavage of cells
a frog embryo
10
11
13
Four types of tissues
• Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and
lines body cavities.
• Connective tissue protects, supports, and
interconnects body parts and organ
• Muscle tissue (Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle,
Cardiac muscle)
• Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal
communication.
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Anatomy
Position
•Berdiri tegak
•Lengan di sisi tubuh
Tegak
•Wajah telapak kaki
menghadap ke depan
•Jempol tangan menunjuk
menjauh dari tubuh
Anatomical
Terminology
• Posisi anatomis adalah posisi
tubuh tertentu dimana
seseorang berdiri tegak
dengan kaki sejajar dan rata di
lantai.
• Kepala tegak, dan mata
memandang ke arah
pengamat.
• Lengan berada di kedua sisi
tubuh dengan telapak tangan
menghadap ke depan dan ibu
jari menunjuk menjauh dari
tubuh.
1-19
Anatomical Terminology
• Sebuah bidang adalah permukaan imajiner
yang mengiris tubuh menjadi beberapa bagian
tertentu.
• Tiga badang anatomis utama adalah bidang
koronal, melintang, dan sagital.
1-20
Sections
and Planes
1-21
Sections
and Planes
• Bidang transversal, yang
disebut juga bidang
melintang atau bidang
horizontal membagi tubuh
menjadi bagian atas
(superior/cranial) dan
bagian bawah
(inferior/caudal).
1-22
Sections
and Planes
• Bidang sagital atau
bidang median,
meluas melalui
tubuh atau organ
secara vertikal dan
membagi struktur
menjadi bagian
kanan dan kiri..
1-23
Sections and Planes
• Sebuah bidang sagital di persis tengah tubuh disebut
bidang midsagital.
• Sebuah bidang yang dibuat sejajar dengan bidang
midsagital, entah di kiri atau kanannya, disebut
bidang parasagital (atau sagital).
• Bidang kecil yang disebut bidang miring, melewati
spesimen dengan membentuk sebuah sudut disebut
bidang oblique.
1-24
Lines
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to front (belly side)
or back (back side) of the
body :
– Anterior = In front of; toward
the front surface
– Posterior = In back of; toward
the back surface
– Dorsal =At the back side of
the human body
– Ventral = At the belly side of
the human body
1-26
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the head or
tail of the body:
– Superior = Toward the head
or above
– Inferior = Toward feet not
head
– Caudal = At the rear or tail
end
– Cranial = At the head end
1-27
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
– Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
– Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
– Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
– Superficial = On the
outside
1-29
Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
– Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment to
trunk
– Distal = Furthest from
point of attachment to
trunk
1-30
Other terms
• ipsi/homolateral vs contralateral
• superficial vs deep
• internal vs external
Body Regions
• The human body is partitioned into two main
regions, called the axial and appendicular
regions.
– the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk
which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
– our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis
and make up the appendicular region
1-32
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
36
Body Cavities
• Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
lined with thin serous membranes, which are
composed of two layers:
– A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall.
– A visceral layer covers the external surface of organs
(viscera) within the cavity.
– Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous
membrane is a thin serous cavity, containing a lubricating
film of serous fluid.
1-37
Body Cavities and Membranes
• Gerakan konstan organ akan menyebabkan
gesekan.
1-39
Body Cavities and Membranes
1-40
Body Cavities and Membranes
42
43
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Peritoneum adalah
membran serosa dua Insert figure
lapisan lembab yang 1.9d
.
melapisi rongga
abdominopelvic.
1-44
46
Abdominopelvic Regions
• The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.
1-47
Musculoskeltal System At A Glance
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
• Body shape
• Cardiac - involuntary
muscle of the heart
wall.
• Smooth -
involuntary muscle
of the stomach,
intestine, and blood
vessels.
• Skeletal - voluntary,
striated muscles
attached
to bones.
1. When muscle
contracts, it
shortens and
causes movement
2. Skeletal muscles
attached to bones
by tendons
3. Insertion-
attachment to
more movable
bone
4. Origin- less
movable
5. Flexors and
extensors act on
Insertion the same joint to
produce opposite
Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
Udayana University
actions 63
• Muscle attachment:
• Directions of movement:
– Flexion - brings a body part forward.
– Extension - moves a body part to the rear.
– Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline.
– Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline.
– Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around a joint.
– Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward.
– Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward.
– Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward.
– Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.