Three days workshop on Applications of Remote Sensing, GIS

and Total Station in Civil Engineering, REC Azamgarh

Geographic Information System and Its

Applications
Presented
By
Dr. Varun Singh
Associate Professor
September 27, 2018

Department of Civil Engineering

MNNIT Allahabad
 What is GIS ?

• Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer

based information system used to digitally represent
and analyze the geographically referenced features
present on the Earth' surface and the events that
taking place on it.

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 GIS

G = f(x, y, z, t, F)

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 What can a GIS do ?
 navigate automobiles and emergency vehicles along optimal routes
through busy cities
 inventory and manage the physical facilities of utilities and city
governments
 carry out detailed epidemiological studies of diseases
 track and model the spread of pollutants or destructive biological
agents
 provide detailed planning for efficient and environmentally sound land
development

REC Azamgarh, Sept. 27, 2018

 What can a GIS do ?...
 select optimal sites for businesses and other facilities
 profile and target consumer preferences
 guide airplanes as they progress along their routes
 track depletion and recovery patters of fisheries, forests, soil
erosion, and ozone
 and a host of similar analysis, monitoring, design, maintenance,
inventorying, routing, resource allocation, mapping, and
management tasks.
Big Picture

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 Dr. John Snow
and the 1854 Cholera outbreak in London's Broad Street region

Whenever we teach a session on the introduction to GIS, we

start by telling my audience the same story. In fact, it is the
same story that most lecturers in GIS tell their students
because it summarises the main points about GIS as a science
.
Source: John Snow Inc. www.jsi.com

Dr John Snow is known as the ‘father of modern

epidemiology’ and the ‘father of GIS’ because of
the famous case of the 1854 Cholera outbreak in
London’s Broad Street region.

In the 1850s, cholera was very poorly

understood and massive outbreaks were a
common occurrence in major industrial cities. An
outbreak in London in 1854 in the Soho district
was typical of the time, and the deaths it caused
are shown in the map on the right.

Source: UCLA http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowmap1_1854_lge.htm

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015
 Dr John Snow
The map was made by Dr John Snow, who has
conceived the hypothesis that cholera was transmitted
through the drinking of polluted water, rather than
through the air, as was commonly believed.

He noticed that the outbreak appeared to be

centred on a public drinking water pump in Broad
Street – and if this hypothesis was correct, the pattern
shown on the map would reflect the locations of
people who drank the pump’s water. There were
anomalies, in the sense that deaths had occurred in
households that were located closer to other sources of
water, but he was able to confirm that these
households also drew their water from the Broad
Street pump. Snow had the handle of the pump
removed, and the outbreak subsided, providing direct
causal evidence in favour of his hypothesis.

Text source: Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. (Chapter 14, pages 317-319)
 Dr. John Snow
It is site where the story actually took place. There is
a pub called ‘John Snow Pub’ located in Broadwick
street in London where you can find a lot about the
story. You can also see the place where the pump
was originally located as well as a replica of the
pump.

The original pump was

situated within a
long-step on
Broadwick Street of
what is now the back
wall of the John
Snow pub.
The location is currently
marked with a
curbstone and a
capped water pipe.
The pump with no handle is a Source: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/snowpub.html
replica of the famous Broad
Street pump.
Source: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/snowpub.html
Modern GIS
Components of GIS

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Spatial Data

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GIS Software: Open Source

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GIS Software: Open Source (Contd..)

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GIS Software: Open Source (Contd..)

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GIS Software: Proprietary

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GIS Software: Proprietary (Contd..)

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GIS Hardware

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CyberGIS Supercomputer

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 Mobile GIS

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 Mobile GIS

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SPATIAL DATA

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Data Models

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Simple Vector Data Model

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 Non-topological
Vector Data Model

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 Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Shapefile format

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 Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Topological Vector Data

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 Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Topological Vector Data

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 Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Topological Vector Data Rules

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 Complex Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Triangular Irregular Network

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 Complex Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Region Data Model

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 Complex Vector Data Model (Contd..)
Routes Data Model

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Raster Data Model

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Raster Data Model

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Raster Data Model

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 LiDAR

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Vector vs Raster Data Representation

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015

Vector vs Raster Data Representation

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015
Database

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015

Database

BIOGEOS, Feb 27, 2015

Workflow for using GIS

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 Analysis in GIS
• Vector Data Analysis

• Raster Data Analysis

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Vector Data Analysis

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Buffer Analysis

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Buffer Analysis

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Service Area Analysis

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LINEAR REFERENING SYSTEM
GIS FOR TRANSPORTATION: SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS…

Incident Information
Work Zone Information
GIS FOR TRANSPORTATION: SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS…

SHORTEST PATH CALCULATION

Vehicle Routing
Cluster Analysis

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Cluster Analysis

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Overlay Analysis

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Reclassification

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Raster Data Analysis

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Allocation function

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 Mapping density

The graph gives an example of

density surface. when added
together, the population values
of all the cells equal to the sum
of the population of the original
point layer
Interpolation

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Interpolation

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Contouring

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 Slope

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 Aspect

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 Aspect

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 Aspect

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Viewshed Analysis

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 Zonal Statistics
You might calculate the mean elevation for each forest zone or the number of accidents
along each of the roads in a town. Alternatively you might want to know how may
different types of vegetation there are in each elevation zone –variety.

REC Azamgarh, Sept. 27, 2018

 Zonal Statistics
The graphics below show an example of the inputs and outputs from the
Zonal Statistics function. The variety of the vegetation species per elevation
zone in displayed in the output table and chart. The most variety of species
occurs at elevation levels of arount 2500 meters.

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Overlay Analysis

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Augmented Reality

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Web GIS

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Web Mapping

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CyberGIS

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Distributed GIS

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 Conclusions
 GIS technology is now well established has been in use since the 1960s.

 The growth in application areas and products through the later years of the twentieth
century has helped GIS to become an accepted tool for the management and analysis of
spatial data.

 This trend is set to continue as computer technology continues to improve with faster and
more powerful machines and as more data become available in digital formats directly
compatible with GIS.

 In addition, the striking advances in related technologies such as surveying and field data
collection, visualization and database management technology are likely to influence this
growth.

 There have been some notable failures in GIS. Sometimes data difficulties or other
technical problems have set back system developments and applications; however, there
are also human and organizational problems at the root of GIS failures.

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 Thank You for your
attention
& Questions/Answers??

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