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Chapter 1: Analysis and Transmission of Signals

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Introduction to communication
The word communication arises from the Latin word commūnicāre,
which means “to share”. Communication is the basic step for exchange
of Communication is the bridge to share.
Communication can be defined as the process of exchange of
information through means such as words, actions, signs, etc., between
two or more individuals. Can be termed as signaling.
Hence, a signal can be a source of energy which transmits some
information. This signal helps to establish a communication between the
sender and the receiver

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Parts of a Communication System
Any system, which provides communication consists of the three
important and basic parts as shown in the following figure

Fig 1.1 Fundamental Model of Communications


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Message Source: The originator of the message
Input Message: The message/data/info that is to be communicated
Input Transducer: Converts the input message into electrical form
Input Signal: The data in electrical form (this is a baseband signal)
Transmitter: Modifies the signal for transmission
Channel: The medium over which the transmitted signal is sent (e.g., wire, air,
optical fiber, free space)
Distortion/Noise: External signals/features that affect the signal
Receiver: Modifies the received signal, undoing the modifications done by the
transmitter
Output Transducer: Converts message from electrical signal back into its original
form
Output Message: The message/data/info that has been communicated
Message Destination: Who/what the message/data/info was intended.

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Types of Signals
Conveying an information by some means such as gestures, sounds,
actions, etc., can be termed as signaling.
Hence, a signal can be a source of energy which transmits some
information. This signal helps to establish a communication between the
sender and the receiver
An electrical impulse or an electromagnetic wave which travels a
distance to convey a message, can be termed as a signal in
communication systems

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Depending on their characteristics, signals are mainly classified into two
types: Analog and Digital

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Analog Signal :A continuous time varying signal, which represents a
time varying quantity can be termed as an Analog Signal. This signal
keeps on varying with respect to time, according to the instantaneous
values of the quantity, which represents it.
The communication based on analog signals and analog values is called
as Analog Communication.
Analog communication system: is a data transmitting technique in a
format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data including voice,
image, video, electrons etc.
 An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and
amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation

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Basic analog communications system

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Cont’d
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information
signals(baseband signals) through a communication channel.
The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer.
 For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal,
and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio frequency
range (3 kHz), some form of frequency-band shifting must be
employed for the radio system to operate satisfactorily

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• This process is accomplished by a device called a modulator
• The transmitter block in any communications system contains the
modulator device
• The receiver block in any communications system contains the
demodulator device
• The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the electromagnetic wave)
which has a frequency that is selected from an appropriate band in the
radio spectrum

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• The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from the
received modulated signal
• Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information
signal (baseband signal )onto a higher frequency carrier signal

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Types of Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude of a
carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The
frequency of the carrier remains constant.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a
carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The
amplitude of the carrier remains constant

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 Phase Modulation (PM)
• Varying the phase of the carrier based on the information signal.

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Amplitude Modulation

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Frequency Modulation

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AM vs. FM
• AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.

• It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.

• The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths

• (lower frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves)

• However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other


forms of electrical noise.

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• The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise.

Most forms of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM

receiver will not respond to AM signals.

• The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation

increases (deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM


broadcast stations use such large deviation.

• The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires


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Digital Modulation
• Digital communication systems also employ modulation techniques,
some of which include:
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying

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Basic digital communications
system

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Some Types of Digital Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of
switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to a sequence
of digital pulses that constitute the information signal.
• One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the other
binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier. Frequency
remains fixed

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying
the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two frequencies
(binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal.
• Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the
carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Amplitude Shift Keying

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Frequency Shift Keying

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Linear and Non linear distortion
• Nothing is linear in the nature, obviously neither the components used
in the radio frequency communication systems.

• Sometimes, those nonlinear effects are well used in order to carry out
different essential features for the design of communication devices

• The main problem relies on the fact that the elements that should be
linear they are really not, mainly due to the actual technological
limitations.

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• This problem is approached, when possible, by optimizing the
manufacturing parameters of the nonlinear components, maximizing
or minimizing the linear performance according to the each
functionality, and

• Always within specific limits. In any case, a perfect linear response


will never be possible.

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• If nonlinear components are used for a linear purpose, like amplifiers,
besides performing the amplification task, they also generate
undesired effects that are going to be considered as nonlinear
distortion.
• The linear distortion used in some modulation techniques for
amplitude or phase shifts do not generate new spectral components.
However, the nonlinear distortion does.

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• Linear distortions do not produce any new frequencies compared to
nonlinear distortions

• Distortions behind a rhetorical shade to hide is not the fine kind


• It is an incontestable fact, linear distortions is from electro technical
view a clear error, which it applies to avoid.

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Frequency allocation
300 Hz – 20K Hz Human voice / sound
50 kHz Navigation (ships, submarines, etc.)
535-1605KHz AM radio (20 k Hz channels)
3-26 MHz short wave radio
88-120 MHz FM radio
54-216 MHz VHF TV
470-806 MHz UHF TV
900-300MHz Mobile communication
(3-300)109 Hz Microwave waves
10 T Hz Infrared
1014 -1015 Hz Visible light
1017 -1018 Hz X-rays
1010 − 1013 Hz Gamma rays
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