4.

0 THERMAL PHYSICS
NAME NO MATRIX

MUHAMMAD HAFIZZUDIN BIN NOR 08BEU18F3025

AZLAN
MOHAMAD SAIFUL BIN MOHD 08BEU18F3004
YUSOFF
ASRI HAMIDI BIN AMARUD-DIN 08BEU18F3012

AHMAD FAIZ B MD ISA 08BEU18F3018

MUHAMMAD FAIQ AZIM BIN AZMI 08BEU18F3022

4.1 Explain the First and Second’s Law of
Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics, also known as
Law of Conservation of Energy, states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed;
energy can only be transferred or changed from
one form to another. For example, turning on a
light would seem to produce energy; however, it
is electrical energy that is converted.
The second law of thermodynamics says that
the entropy of any isolated system always
increases. Isolated systems spontaneously
evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of
maximum entropy of the system. More simply
put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate
isolated system) only increases and never
decreases.
4.2 Solve problem related to
thermodynamics law
 Sign

Q = Heat and W = Work Done

Q is positive if the heat added to the system
W is positive if work is done by the system
Q is negative if heat leaves the system
W is negative if work is done on the system
 Question 1

3000 J of heat is added to a system

and 2500 J of work is done by the
system. What is the change in
internal energy of the system?
 Before answer for Question 1

Equation
ΔU = Q-W

Known :
Heat (Q) = +3000 Joule Work (W) = +2500
Joule
 Solution for Question 1

ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 3000-2500
ΔU = 500 Joule
internal energy increases by 500 Joule.
 Question 2

2000 J of heat is added to a system

and 2500 J of work is done on the
system. What is the change in
internal energy of the system?
 Before answer Question 2

Equation
ΔU = Q-W

Known :
Heat (Q) = +2000 Joule Work (W) = -2500
Joule
 Solution for Question 2

ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 2000-(-2500)
ΔU = 2000+2500
ΔU = 4500 Joule
Internal energy increases by 4500 Joule
 Question 3

2000 J of heat leaves the system

and 2500 J of work is done on the
system. What is the change in
internal energy of the system?
 Before answer Question 3

Equation
ΔU = Q-W

Known :
Heat (Q) = -2000 Joule Work (W) = -3000
Joule
 Solution for Question 3

ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = -2000-(-3000)
ΔU = -2000+3000
ΔU = 1000 Joule
Internal energy increases by 4500 Joule.
 If heat is added to the system, then the internal
energy of the system increases
If heat leaves the system, then the internal
energy of the system decreases
If the work is done by the system, then the
internal energy of the system decreases
If the work is done on the system, then the
internal energy of the system increases
4.3 Describe linear expansion and
volume expansion
18

4.3 Linear Expansion & Volume

Expansion

What changes in
dimensions occur when
heat is extracted or
added to a system ?
19

How does a change in

temperature affect the
dimensions of a system?
20
21 A iron disc with a hole in it is heated.

Will the diameter of the hole (a) increase, (b) decrease or

(c) not change?

Q
22

Holes get bigger

23
Bimetallic strips
Two strips of different metals welded
together at one temperature become more
or less curved at other temperatures
because the metals have different values
for their coefficient of linear expansion .

They are often used as thermometers and

thermostats
Q

lower metal expands more than

upper metal when heated
24
Most solids and liquids expand when heated. Why?
Average distance between atoms
Inter-atomic forces

“springs”

Internal Energy U is
associated with the
amplitude of the
oscillation of the atoms
 Collisions of thermally oscillating atoms make them
25
shift further apart
Repulsive force

PE Attractive force

Solid heated  increased

E3
vibration of atoms  increase
max displacement either side
E2 of equilibrium position 
vibration is asymmetric 
E1 mean distance increases with
increasing temperature

Separation of atoms THERMAL EXPANSION

average distance between atoms
 L   Lo T
26
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

Ceramics (deep PE troughs) low expansion coefficients

 ~10-6 K-1

Polymers high expansion coefficients

 ~ 10-4 K-1

Metals
 coefficient of linear expansion
~ 10-5 K-1
 Linear Area Volume
Lo A V
27
o
o

L

L
A
L   Lo T V
A  2 Ao T

V  3 Vo T   Vo T
* Simple model: assume  and  are independent of temperature, T < 100 oC
* Wood expands differently in different directions
4.4 Apply the concept and formula in
solving problems related on linear
expansion and volume expansion
Linear Expansion

Question 1
A gold wire has a length of 50 meter at 300K.
Calculate the change in it’s length when
temperature in increased to 400K [ αL = 14×10-6K-1 ]
Question 2
An Aluminium rod has a length of 50m at 300K.
Find the temperature at which its length would be
49.9m [ αL = 25×10-6K-1 ]
Question 3
An Aluminium bar is 1.25 meter long at 20oC. The
coefficient of linear expansion is 25×10-6C-1. If the
temperature is increased to 75oC.

a) How much will the length of the bar change?

b) What is the new length of the bar at this
temperature?
Volume Expansion

Question 1
A glass beaker has a volume of 50mL at 30oC. Find
it’s volume at 130oC. ( Given αL for glass = 4×10-6
oC-1 )
Question 2
A cup contains 85 mL of water at 80 oC. What is
the new volume at 15 oC? The coefficient of
volume expansion of water is 210×10-6C-1.
4.6 Solve problems related to ideal gas
equation
 The ideal gas law describes the behavior of an ideal gas,
but can also be used when applied to real gases under a
wide variety of conditions. This allows us to use this law to
predict the behavior of the gas when the gas is subjected
to changes in pressure, volume or temperature.
 The Ideal Gas Law is expressed as
 PV = nRT
where
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = number of moles of gas particles
T = Absolute Temperature in Kelvin
and
R is the Gas Constant.
The Gas Constant, R, while a constant, depends on
the units used to measure pressure and volume.
Here are a few values of R depending on the units.
R = 0.0821 liter·atm/mol·K
R = 8.3145 J/mol·K
R = 8.2057 m3·atm/mol·K
R = 62.3637 L·Torr/mol·K or L·mmHg/mol·K
This ideal gas law example problem shows the steps
needed to use the Ideal Gas Law equation to
determine the amount of gas in a system when the
pressure, volume, and temperature are known.
Problem 1
A cylinder of argon gas contains 50.0 L of Ar at 18.4
atm and 127 °C. How many moles of argon is in the
cylinder?
Problem 2
2.035 g H2 produces a pressure of 1.015 atm in a
5.00 L container at -211.76 °C. What will the
temperature (in °C) have to be if an additional
2.099 g H2 are added to the container and the
pressure increases to 3.015 atm.