Harmonically Excited Vibration

Equation of Motion
If a force F(t) acts on a viscously damped spring-mass
system as shown in Figure 1, the equation of motion can
be obtained using Newton s second law:

Since this equation is nonhomogeneous. The

general solution x(t) is given by the sum of the
homogeneous solution, xh(t) and the particular
solution, xp(t). The homogeneous solution, which is
the solution of the homogeneous equation

Fig 1 A spring-mass-damper system

represents the free vibration of the system and was

discussed in week 2.
  It can be seen that xh(t) dies out and x(t) becomes
xp(t) after some time

 The part of the motion that dies out due to

damping (the free-vibration part) is called
transient

 The rate at which the transient motion decays

depends on the values of the system parameters
k, c, and m

Homogenous, particular, and general

solutions for an underdamped case
Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic
Force
Consider an undamped system subjected to a Thus we assume a solution in the
harmonic force form:

………….. 3.1

The homogeneous solution of this equation is

where X is an constant that denotes
given by
the maximum amplitude of xp(t)
 Substituting to Eq 3.1 we obtain,

Because the exciting force F(t) is harmonic,

the particular solution xp(t) is also harmonic
and has the same frequency 𝜔, ………….. 3.2
is static deflection
Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic
Force
The total solution becomes therefore,

Using the initial conditions

We find:
 The variation of the amplitude ratio,
The maximum amplitude X in Eq. 3.2 can be
expressed as

………….. 3.2a

represents the ratio of the dynamic to the static

amplitude of motion and is called the magnification
factor, amplification factor, or amplitude ratio.

the response of the system

to a harmonic force of
very high frequency is
close to zero
Case 1. When Case 2. When
Case 3. When resonance Thus the response of the system at resonance
becomes
 Response of a Damped System Under Harmonic Force
If the forcing function is given by, Using the trigonometric relations
the equation of motion becomes,

………….. 3.3

The particular solution is also expected to be and equating the coefficients of and on both
harmonic; we assume it in the form sides of the resulting equation, we obtain

By substituting into Eq. 3.3,

which gives
we have

………….. 3.4
 Dividing both the numerator and denominator
of Eq. 3.4 by k and making the following
substitutions

Representation of forcing function and response

We obtain,
 and,

………….. 3.5 ………….. 3.6

The following characteristics of the magnification factor
(M) can be noted from the figures,

3.5 3.2a
The following characteristics of the phase angle can be also
observed from the figure

3.6
Total Response

The complete solution is given by

for an underdamped system, we

have

For the initial conditions,

 Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
Sometimes the base or support of a spring-mass-damper
system undergoes harmonic motion, as shown in the
next figure.

 From the free-body diagram, we obtain the equation

of motion

the equation becomes,

Figure 1. Base Excitation

This shows that giving excitation to the base is

equivalent to applying a harmonic force of
magnitude A to the mass
The steady-state response of the mass
can be expressed by

where displacement transmissibility

Using trigonometric identities, it can be

rewritten in a more convenient form as
The following aspects of displacement transmissibility,
can be noted from the figure
 Force Transmitted

In Fig. 3.1, a force, F, is transmitted to the base or support due

to the reactions from the spring and the dashpot. This force
can be determined as,

which can be written as,

where FTis the amplitude or maximum value

of the force transmitted to the base given by

force transmissibility
Relative Motion

If denotes the motion of the where Z, the amplitude of z(t), can be

mass relative to the base, the equation of expressed as
motion, the equation of motion can be
rewritten as

The steady-state solution) is given by

Response of a Damped System Under Rotating
Unbalance
Unbalance in rotating machinery is one of the main
causes of vibration
The equation of motion can be derived as follow,

The solution can also be expressed as,

where
 The variation of 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 is shown below,
is shown below,
The following observations can be made from the figures