First Law of Thermodynamics FOR

OPEN SYSTEMS
Inserting expression for flow work  W flow  
outlets
pv m   pv m
inlets

and regrouping terms

dECV    m(u  pv  v
inlets
2
/ 2  gz )

   m(u  pv  v 2 / 2  gz )   Q   WCV
outlets Recall enthalpy
defn.:
For rate processes dividing both sides by t and h=u+pv
letting t0
dECV
  m(h  V 2 / 2  gz )   m(h  V 2 / 2  gz )  Qnet ,in  WCV
dt inlets outlets
For large processes provided all inlet/outlet conditions are
steady (not changing with time) integrate both sides
ECV   m(h  V 2 / 2  gz )   m(h  V 2 / 2  gz )  Qnet ,in  WCV
inlets outlets
 The steady flow process
• A process during which the fluid flows steadily through the control volume (CV)
– Flow process fluid flows through CV.
– Steady not changing with time
• During a steady flow process:
– conditions (fluid properties, flow velocity, elevation) at any fixed point within the CV are
unchanging with time.
– Properties, flow velocity or elevation may change from point to point within CV
– Size, shape, mass and energy content of the CV do not change with time.
– Rate at which heat and work interactions take place with surroundings do not change with
time.
• Devices/systems which undergo steady flow process: compressors, pumps, turbines, water supply
pipes, nozzles, heat exchangers, power plants, aircraft engines etc.
 Conservation of mass and energy for a
steady flow process
dmCV
  m  m
dt inlets outlets
dECV .
V2 V2
dt
 Q  WCV  
in
m(h 
2
 gz)   m(h 
out 2
 gz)


outlets
m m
inlets
Conservation of mass

V2 .
V2

outlets
m(h 
2
 gz )  Q  WCV   m(h 
inlets 2
 gz )
Conservation of energy
 Conservation of mass for the steady flow
process

• Mass balance for steady flow

m  m
inlets outlets

• Assuming uniform 1D flow at each inlet/outlet m

AV
v
• A single stream (single inlet-single outlet) control volume

AV A2V2
m1  m2  1 1

v1 v2
2
1
 Applications of SFEE
• Nozzles and diffusers (e.g. jet propulsion)
• Turbines (e.g. power plant, turbofan/turbojet aircraft
engine), compressors and pumps (power plant)
• Heat exchangers (e.g. boilers and condensers in power
plants, evaporator and condenser in refrigeration, food and
chemical processing)
• Mixing chambers (power plants)
• Throttling devices (e.g. refrigeration, steam quality
measurement in power plants)

All elements of a simple power plant/ refrigeration cycle

and more! In principle, you can take the elements together
to calculate power generated/required, heat
removed/supplied.
 Applications of SFEE in pictures

Heat exchangers
Throttling devices
Source: internet
 SFEE applied to nozzles/diffusers

V2 .
V2

outlets
m(h 
2
 gz )  Q  WCV   m(h 
inlets 2
 gz )

Single stream
2 2
Vout Vin
hout   hin 
2 2
 SFEE applied to turbines

V V 2 2
m(hout  hin  )  Q  Wcv
out in
2
2
Vout  Vin
2
hout  hin 
Usually
2
Wcv  m(hin  hout )  0
m(hout  hin )  Q
 Enthalpy changes and kinetic energy:
typical magnitudes
• For example, saturated steam at 100 kPa is
flowing through a pipe. The steam is supplied
heat at constant pressure to raise its
temperature to 1500C. What is the ratio of
kinetic energy per unit mass of the steam to
the specific enthalpy change of the steam if
steam is flowing at 100 m/s?
Ans. (100)^2/(2776.6-2675.6)/2000=5%

In steady flow devices like turbines, compressors/pumps, heat exchangers,

throttling devices it is usually a good approximation to neglect flow kinetic energy
(or kinetic energy changes). Exception: nozzles and diffusers.
 SFEE applied to compressors

V V 2 2
m(hout  hin  )  Q  Wcv
out in
2
2
Vout  Vin
2
hout  hin 
Usually 2 Wcv  m(hout  hin )  0
m(hout  hin )  Q
 SFEE for liquid nozzles, pumps and water turbine:
toward the Bernoulli equation

V 2
V 2
m(hout  hin  out
 g ( zout  zin ))  Q  Wcv
in
2
Further assumptions:
A. Incompressible substance,
B. Negligible heat transfer
C. negligible friction despite “the rubbing liquid layers”
D. B and C leading to near isothermal operation.

hout  hin  v( pout  pin )

  Vout
2
 Vin2 
Wcv  m v( pout  pin )    g ( zout  zin )  
  2 
 pout Vout2
pin Vin2 
 m (   gzout )  (   gzin ) 
  2  2 
SFEE applied to heat exchangers

hot (h)

cold (c)

mc hc ,out  mh hh ,out  mc hc ,in  mh hh ,in

Take CV enclosing the stream that

is hot at inlet
mh (hh,out  hh,in )  Q
Take CV enclosing the stream that
is cold at inlet
mc (hc,out  hc,in )  Q
 Mixing chambers or “direct contact
heat exchangers”
3

m3  m1  m2 Conservation of mass

m1h1  m2h2   m1  m2  h3 Conservation of energy