9/12/13
Which equation shows conservation of atoms?
a)H2 + O2 2 H2O
b)H2 + O2 H2O
c)2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
d)2 H2 + 2 O2 2 H2O
Which equation shows conservation of mass?
a)CaO + 2 H2O Ca(OH)2
b)NH3 + 2 O2 HNO3 + H2O
c)Al + Br2 AlBr3
d)H2 + O2 2 H2O
Stoichiometry
• stoichiometry - the area of study that
examines the quantities of substances
consumed and produced in chemical reactions
• Built on an understanding of atomic masses,
chemical formulas, and the law of
conservation of mass
2
Reaction Types:
Alkali Metal + Water
Group 1 (alkali) metals react violently with water to form
the metal hydroxide (basic!) and hydrogen gas
M + H2O MOH + H2 (g)
3
Reaction Types:
Combination (Synthesis) Reactions
Flares and some fireworks:
• In this type of
reaction two or more
substances (often 2
elements) react to
form one product
A+BC
• If reactants are
metal and nonmetal,
Examples: product is ionic solid.
– 2 Al (s) + 3 Br2 (g) 2 AlBr3 (s) – Product is
determined by
– N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) predicting charges
of ions.
– C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) C3H6Br2 (l)
4
Reaction Types:
Decomposition Reactions
• In a decomposition one
substance breaks down into
two or more substances.
CA+B
• Often involves heat.
– Ex: Many metal carbonates
are heated to give metal
oxides and CO2
Examples:
– CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) (CaO = lime)
– 2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
– 2 NaN3 (s) 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g) (air bags)
5
Reaction Types:
Combustion Reactions
• Always involve O2 from the
air as a reactant
• Exothermic (all flames are
combustion reactions)
• Often involve hydrocarbons
as the other reactant
– hydrocarbon: compound
with either
• C and H only
• C, H, and O
– If these completely combust,
products are always CO2 and
H2O
Examples:
– CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
– C6H12O6 (g) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)
6
Examples: Reaction Types
Name the type of reaction, predict the
product(s), and balance the equation:
a. CH3OH + O2
b. Na + H2O
Δ
c. BaCO3
d. Al(s) + Cl2(g)
9
Example: Percent Composition
What is the percent composition of
hydrogen in NH4H2PO4? 5.26%
10
Subscripts: Molecular Level and Molar Level
The subscripts in a formula show 2 things:
1. the number of each type of atom in 1 molecule (molecular level)
2. the moles of each type of atom in 1 mole of compound (molar level)
Glucose
C6H12O6
OR….
13
Example: Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts
Calculate the number of H atoms in 2.00 mol H2O.
•We can also relate the number of moles of H2O to number of moles of H
atoms (by using the subscripts)
- So, 1 mol H2O = 2 mol H atoms
2 mol H atoms 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
2.00 mol H2O x x = 2.41 x 1024 H atoms
1 mol H2O 1 mol H atoms
14
Examples: Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts
15
Examples:
Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts + Molar Mass
1. How many H atoms are in 3.01 x 10-2 mg of H2O?
2.01 x 1018 H atoms
16
Calculating Empirical Formulas
• One can calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition.
• The ratio of the number of moles of each element in a compound
gives the subscripts in a compound’s empirical formula.
17
Calculating Empirical Formulas
18
Calculating Empirical Formulas
C: 61.31 % = 61.31 g C
H: 5.14 % = 5.14 g H
N: 10.21 % = 10.21 g N
O: 23.33 % = 23.33 g O
19
Calculating Empirical Formulas
20
Calculating Empirical Formulas
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 7
0.7288 mol Empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 2
0.7288 mol
21
Molecular Formula from Empirical
Formula
• If we are given molar mass of the compound, we can
determine the molecular formula
• The subscripts in the molecular formula of a substance are
always a whole-number multiple of the corresponding
subscripts in the empirical formula:
molar mass of actual compound
whole number multiple =
molar mass of empirical formula
• Example:
The empirical formula of a compound is found to be NaS2O3. The molar
mass of the compound is 270.4 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula.
molar mass of empirical formula = 135.1 g/mol
270.4 g/mol = 2.001 Multiply each subscript in empirical
formula by 2 to get subscripts of
135.1 g/mol molecular formula 22
The molecular formula is Na2S4O6.
Example: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Ibuprofen, a headache remedy, contains 75.69% C, 8.80% H, and
15.51% O by mass. Its molar mass is 206 g/mol. Determine its
empirical and molecular formulas.
Empirical formula = C13H18O2
Molecular formula = C13H18O2
23
Empirical and Molecular 9/14/15
Determine the empirical and molecular formula
24
Average Atomic Mass 9/12/16
1. What is the formula to calculate the average
atomic mass?
2. How would we set up the following problem?
Find the relative abundance of each isotope of
an unknown element that has an average
atomic mass of 45.995 if Isotope 1 has a mass of
44.992 and Isotope 2 has a mass of 47.895.
25
Determine the empirical formula:
• 75.0% gold, 10.0% palladium, 10.0% nickel,
5.00% zinc (aka white gold)
26
Combustion Analysis
• “Empirical” means based on observation and experiment
• So chemists have techniques to determine empirical formula from
experiments
2. Then we will subtract the sum of mass of C and H from the total mass
to get mass of O
• mass of O = mass of isopropyl alcohol – (mass of C + mass of H)
3. Finally calculate moles of C, H, and O from masses of C, H, and O to
28
Combustion Analysis Problem
Isopropyl alcohol is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion of 0.255 g
isopropyl alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.
30
Combustion Analysis #2
• The combustion of 40.10 g of a compound which contains
only C, H, Cl and O yields 58.57 g of CO2 and 14.98 g of H2O.
Another sample of the compound with a mass of 75.00 g is
found to contain 22.06 g of Cl. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?
31
Combustion Analysis #2
• The combustion of 40.10 g of a compound which contains
only C, H, Cl and O yields 58.57 g of CO2 and 14.98 g of H2O.
Another sample of the compound with a mass of 75.00 g is
found to contain 22.06 g of Cl. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?
32
Stoichiometric Calculations
Coefficients: Another Conversion Factor!
The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of moles of reactants and products.
moles
Some conversion of one
factors substance
for above equationin a
are: moles of another substance in the
chemical equation chemical equation
Examples:
How many moles of O2 react with 3.02 moles of H2?
1 mol O2
3.02 mol H2 x = 1.51 mol O2
2 mol H2
34
Stoichiometric Calculations: Summary
This chapter’s 4 new conversion factors, always relating moles:
1. Avogadro’s number
number of particles moles of those same particles
2. Subscripts
moles of moles of the compound the atoms or
atoms or ions ions are contained in
3. Molar Mass
mass of a substance moles of that same substance
4. Coefficients
moles of one substance in a moles of another substance in the
chemical equation chemical equation
35
Stoichiometric Calculations
Starting with the mass of substance A,
you can use the mole-to-mole ratio from the coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass of substance B.
36
Stoichiometric Calculations
Calculate the mass in grams of water produced when starting
when 1.00 g of C6H12O6 combusts.
38
Limiting Reactant
• Write a balanced equation for a bread (Br) and cheese (Ch)
sandwich
______ + ______ _________
•To determine which reactants are the limiting reactant and excess reactant,
we calculate moles of product from the mole-to-mole ratio for both reactants
and see which is less:
2 mol H2O
10 mol H2 x = 10 mol H2O limiting reactant = H2
2 mol H2
2 mol H2O
7 mol O2 x = 14 mol H2O excess reactant = O2
1 mol O2
•We can determine how much of the excess reactant was actually used up and
how much we have left over:
1 mol O2
10 mol H2 x = 5 mol O2 actually reacted
2 mol H2
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
41
Limiting Reactant: Example
Adipic acid, H2C6H8O4, is used to produce nylon. The acid is made
commercially by a controlled reaction between cyclohexane (C6H12)
and O2:
43
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition
Chapter 3
Stoichiometry: Calculations with
Chemical Formulas and Equations
a. yields.
b. reactants.
c. products.
d. coefficients.
In a chemical equation, the
substances to the left of the
arrow are called the:
a. yields.
b. reactants.
c. products.
d. coefficients.
When hydrocarbons are
burned in air, they form:
a. 70 grams/mole
b. 164 grams/mole
c. 265 grams/mole
d. 116 grams/mole
The formula weight of
Na3PO4 is:
a. 70 grams/mole
b. 164 grams/mole
c. 265 grams/mole
d. 116 grams/mole
The percentage by mass of
phosphorus in Na3PO4 is:
a. 44.0%
b. 11.7%
c. 26.7%
d. 18.9%
The percentage by mass of
phosphorus in Na3PO4 is:
a. 44.0%
b. 11.7%
c. 26.7%
d. 18.9%
The formula weight of any
substance is equal to:
a. Avogadro’s number.
b. its atomic weight.
c. its density.
d. its molar mass.
The formula weight of any
substance is equal to:
a. Avogadro’s number.
b. its atomic weight.
c. its density.
d. its molar mass.
Ethyl alcohol contains 52.2% C, 13.0%
H, and 34.8 % O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ethyl alcohol?
a. C2H5O2
b. C2H6O
c. C2H6O2
d. C3H4O2
Ethyl alcohol contains 52.2% C, 13.0%
H, and 34.8 % O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ethyl alcohol?
a. C2H5O2
b. C2H6O
c. C2H6O2
d. C3H4O2
Methyl methacrylate has a molar mass
of 100 g/mole. When a sample of
methyl methacrylate weighing 3.14 mg
was completely combusted, the only
products formed were 6.91 mg of CO2
and 2.26 mg of water. What is methyl
methacrylate’s molecular formula?
a. C7H16 b. C6H12O
c. C5H8O2 d. C4H4O3
Methyl methacrylate has a molar mass
of 100 g/mole. When a sample of
methyl methacrylate weighing 3.14 mg
was completely combusted, the only
products formed were 6.91 mg of CO2
and 2.26 mg of water. What is methyl
methacrylate’s molecular formula?
a. C7H16 b. C6H12O
c. C5H8O2 d. C4H4O3
2 Fe + 3 Cl2 2 FeCl3
a. 10.0 grams
b. 20.0 grams
c. 29.0 grams
d. 30.0 grams
2 Fe + 3 Cl2 2 FeCl3
a. 10.0 grams
b. 20.0 grams
c. 29.0 grams
d. 30.0 grams
C3H4O4 + 2 C2H6O C7H12O4 + 2 H2O
When 15.0 grams of each reactant
were mixed together, the yield of
C7H12O4 was 15.0 grams. What was the
percentage yield?
a. 100.0%
b. 75.0%
c. 65.0%
d. 50.0%
C3H4O4 + 2 C2H6O C7H12O4 + 2 H2O
When 15.0 grams of each reactant
were mixed together, the yield of
C7H12O4 was 15.0 grams. What was the
percentage yield?
a. 100.0%
b. 75.0%
c. 65.0%
d. 50.0%
The percentage yield of a reaction
is (100.0%)(X). Which of the
following is X?
a. theoretical yield / actual yield
b. calculated yield / actual yield
c. calculated yield / theoretical yield
d. actual yield / theoretical yield
The percentage yield of a reaction
is (100.0%)(X). Which of the
following is X?
a. theoretical yield / actual yield
b. calculated yield / actual yield
c. calculated yield / theoretical yield
d. actual yield / theoretical yield