Vocational training in

Rehabilitation

Inosha Bimali
Lecturer
KUSMS
 Vocational education and training
• Education and training that focuses on
delivering skills and knowledge required for
specific industries.

• It is the preparation for jobs that call for

extensive practical experience and training.
 Vocational Rehabilitation
• “A dynamic process
consisting of a series
actions and activities that
follow a logical, sequential
progression of services
related to the total needs of
a PWD.
Chan et al., (1997)
• VR is a program of services that helps persons
with disabilities obtain the skills and other
resources
– they need to get a job,
– keep a job, and
– develop a lifetime career.
 Objective of Rehabilitation
• Restoration of function thereby improving
quality of life.

(Nocon & Baldwin 1998; WHO 2001)

 Why VT?

• 80% of the total population of PWD’s - developing and

underdeveloped countries.

• 82% of the them are living below poverty line.

• The unemployment rate of PWDs is double than the

general unemployment rate.

This justifies the close relationship between poverty and

disabilities.
 Why VT?

PWDs are often denied in work and economic

activities
– negative preconceive notion about their capacity
and productivity.
– unfriendly systems, policy and physical
infrastructures

This exclusion has been adding a big loss in the total

GDP of the world (between US$ 1.37 and US$ 1.94
trillion.) annually. ---- world bank
National and international legislations regarding
to the economic empowerment of PWDs

1. UN convention on the rights of persons with

disabilities, (Article 27):
"States Parties recognize the right of persons with
disabilities to work, on an equal basis with others;
this includes the right to the opportunity to gain a
living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour
market and work environment that is open,
inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities.
• Article 27(d): " Enable persons with disabilities to have
effective access to general technical and vocational
guidance programs, placement services and vocational
and continuing training;"

• ILO convention 159 : The ILO Vocational Rehabilitation

and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention No.
159 requires member States, in accordance with
national conditions, practice and possibilities, to
formulate, implement and periodically review a
national policy on vocational rehabilitation and
employment of disabled persons.
• ILO code of practice : The ILO Code of Practice on
Managing Disability in the Workplace (ILO 2002) was
brought up to provide guidance to employers on practical
means of implementing the types of measures to be taken
while making the work place disability friendly according
the provisions contained in international instruments.

• e) Disabled protection and Welfare Act- 2039: Point 8 of

this act has provisioned about the job, self employment
and related training for PWDs. This points has stated the
provision of vocational trainings, micro credit for small
business, access to PWDs in mainstream training system,
access of PWDs in corporate sectors' employment and
rural employment etc.
• National policy and Plan of Action on Disability
2063 : Training and Employment is 5th priority area
of national policy and plan of action on disability.
This policy has ensured 5% quota reservation for
PWDs in the mainstream vocational training
institutions. The 5th strategy of this priority area has
emphasized on the capacity building of existing
mainstream vocational training Center and
developing disability friendly environment in the
training centers.
 Poverty and disability
• Poverty is both causes and consequences of
disability.

• Poverty is a cause of disability

– malnutrition, and do not have proper access to adequate
health services which may lead them to disability.

• Poverty is a consequence of disability

– lack of access to education, health services and income-
generating activities; often denied their human, social
and economic rights which ultimately threw them to
vicious cycle of poverty.
 Benefits VT in Rehabilitation?
• Enhances the economic status of marginalized
community and person of disability.

• One of the important strategies for reducing poverty.

• Development of self confidence and improve QOL.

• Developing and improving interpersonal skills.

• Making person equally independent.

 Vocational training for PWD’s
• Disability is simply a component of human diversity, and itself is
diverse in nature.

• Disability vary according to the types and severity.

– have very special needs and requirements

• Similarly the training needs may be different and should be

shaped according to the types of disability and by their own
decisions.

Hence, active and intensive participation of PWDs is essential while

assessing the training needs of PWDs
 Vocational training in Nepal

• Nepal Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare has

been providing vocational trainings to PWDs with residential
facilities since 2058.

• Coverage of this training - geography, number and disability

categories is very small.

• CTEVT and NGO’s

• These are limited and doesn't cover the wider population.

CTEVT
 Approaches of vocational training
In developed countries:

1. Regulated training

2. Occupational training

3. Continuing training
In Nepal:

1. Mainstream model

2. Community Based model

3. Apprenticeship model

4. Peer Training

5. Group training model

6. Sheltered model
 Mainstream model
• Very demanding and effective

• Government, Private sectors or NGO run vocational

training centres to provide training for any interested
or needy people.

• Provide very quality training and certified trainees

• Most of the PWDs want to be trained through such

types of model.
 Community Based Model
• PWDs are given different types of vocational training
based on the need of local market

• They are supported technically and financially to start

the self employment or get relevant job in the local
labor market.

• The best strategy for the overall development,

rehabilitation and empowerment of PWDs in the
world.
 Apprenticeship model
• Gain skill in a particular subject by working with
experienced and skilled persons in his/her workshop
or workplace.
 Peer Training model
• A process where successful business people teach
their skills to others.

• In this model the trainers and trainees are from same

background, living condition or same disability
category in the case of PWDs.

• Good spirit of teaching and learning

 Group training model
• Person learns skills within the group of people having
same training needs.

• Effective for saving time and resources.

• We can find many groups having same interest and

involved in same job
 Sheltered Model
• Traditional model and not popular in developing and
underdeveloped countries.

• PWDs are kept in specially designed structures and provided

different types of vocational training

• The trained human resource are given work in the same shelter
and paid for their work.

• The produced goods are also marketed by the shelter.

• This type of model is highly expensive and cannot cover the

wider population of PWDs.
 Who comes to VT?
• Vocational education
– Student completing high school , seeking help with post
secondary training/ education

• Vocational rehabilitation
– Adult presenting with physical or other impairment where a
learning disorder appears in the comprehensive needs
assessment
 Common training given for PWD
Name of training
Chalk ,candle making sewing cutting
waitery/waiteress
Bamboo craft, handicraft goods
packaging, music, white can making
Painting
House keeping, vegetables farming,
livestock, bee keeping, flower farming
Radio, TV, Watch cycle and motorcycle
repair and maintenance
Wood craft
Liquid soap making
Types of PWDs involved
Physical, deaf, speech, intellectual
Physical, deaf, speech, blind
intellectual, and multiple
Multiple Deaf, physical
Physical, deaf and speech
Physical deaf speech, multiple
Physical, Deaf, Speech ,Multiple
Blind
 Other possible areas of training
Name of the training Types of PWDs
Computer software operation skills, Physical , blind, Deaf , speech
computer maintenance

Mobile repair and maintenance Physical and Deaf

Secretarial service and reception Physical, Blind

handling
Graphic designing , cyber Physical ,deaf, speech
operation, computer networking

Offset printing, Thanka Making Physical, deaf, speech

 Factors to be considered while
providing vocational training to PWDs

• What the PWDs says is important?

• Selection of an appropriate model and methods

• Reasonable accommodation

• Friendly examination system

 Barriers for participating in VT
• The lack of the training material
• Lack of assistance In the form of special needs
teacher
• Family responsibility(especially for women)
• Lack of basic education or poor quality education
• Lack of sign language- trained teacher
• Discrimination
 Vocational rehabilitation works better if:

• Take an active part in planning and making decisions.

• Ask questions anytime if not understand.

• Stay in regular contact with the people working with.

• Follow through with all the agreed upon activities.

• Ask VR counsellor for any help during any part of VR program.

• Actively seek employment when ready.

 Vocational evaluation
• Vocational evaluation is the process of determining
an individual’s interests, abilities and aptitudes and
skills to identify vocational strengths, needs and
career potential.
Vocational evaluation are:-

a) Standardized techniques (e.g., tests)

b) Non standardized approaches (e.g., interviews, observing

people)
 Vocational training evaluation
(before and after training)
• A person’s potential
• Ability to adapt to different work environments
• Realistic job training
• Career choices based on their interests, aptitudes and abilities
and the realities of the job market
• Helps counselors, rehabilitation professionals and employment
specialists work more effectively with their clients
• Helps trainers and instructors adapt to the needs of the PWD’s
• Helps administrators use resources more wisely.
• Helps employers make better hiring selections.
Example: Evaluation questionnaires

• What is your disability?

• What are your strengths, skills and interests?

• What doctor or hospital care or treatment have you
had for your disability?

• How does your disability keep you from getting or

keeping a job?
 Cont….
• What kind of work have you done? What kind of
work are you interested in doing?

• What kind of education or experience do you have?

• What kinds of insurance or other funding do you

have which would help pay for the services you
need?
 Some social organization providing
vocational training/Rehabilitation in Nepal
• CWSN/ Jyoti vocational training centres

• Adarsha bal bikash Kendra, Banepa

• Maitee Nepal, Gaushala

• Shanti sewa griha, Gaushala

• THDCBD,kritipur,ktm

• Nepal disable fund, Bhrikutimandup, ktm

• Disable relief fund, Bhrikutimandup, ktm

• Shindhu improvement society, Newbaneswor

 cont
• Self care group for disable(Rautahata, Ranechhap, Anandaban hospital)
• Nepal apanga sangh
– Bhaktapur , Chitwan , Dang ,Dhankuta Dhanusha ,Gulmi, Humla ,Illam ,Kathmandu ,Kavre
,Lalitpur Mahottari ,Okhaldhunga ,Panchathar ,Rupandehi Sindhupalchok ,Siraha

• Technical and skill development of blind & physical disability, sanepa

• Mental retardation welfare center
• Sun gava (mental retardation women’s vocational training center. Jamal
• Navajoti center, baluwatar, ktm
• Nepal leprosy relief association, mahargung, ktm
• Nepal leprosy trust, lalitpur
• Apanga sarokar ghar , satdobato
 Success Stories

Ram Maya
Before Now
• Ram Maya comes from a poor peasant family of
rural Makwanpur District with nine siblings.
Except her youngest brother none of them have
any opportunity of going to school. Since birth
her left leg is totally crippled. We have fitted her
with an artificial leg after going through a major
surgical operation, last year, which has added a
new joy in her life and is now, able to walk
without any support system. She is one of the
most talented trainees and completed her full
training course by the spring 2005. She went
home and doing tailoring work in the village.
 References
1. Migul auvelio alonso garcia, vocational training No 19.
European journal

2. "Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Development Journal" By Manish Prasai
 Cont ….
• Literature Review Vocational Education and Training12
October 2009
• Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Disabilities, by
Gloria K. Lee, Ph.D., CRC

• Vocational Rehabilitation of Services, Employment Services

for People with Disabilities
THANK YOU