Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Infectii fungice invazive
• Se~80%, Sp~90%, 8-14% rezultate fals+ (la copii, prin prezența altor
fungi: Penicillium spp, antibiotice produse de Penicillium – penicilinele!,
consum de orez/paste, in condițiile unei suferințe severe tub dig)
Fungii - multiplicare
filament = hifa
conidii=spori conidiofor
Fungii - clasificare
1. Levuri: candida spp; cryptococcus spp
2. Filamentoşi (filamentați):
– nesegmentați: mucor spp
– segmentați: aspergillus spp fusarium spp
• Levuri (Yeasts):
Candida
Cryptococcus
• Filamentosi (Molds):
Aspergillus
Mucor
Fusarium
• Dimorfici:
Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidioides
Paracoccidioides
Penicillium marneffei
• Non-cultivabili:
PJ
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Candida spp
• Ubicuitar
• Imunodeficiență
• B-D-Glucan în perete
• Nu se cultivă
• Nu răspunde la antifungice
• Limfocitul afectat (HIV)
• si mai putin neutroflul afectat
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Apararea anti-fungica
• Habitat fungi:
>>>> in afara organismului
< in organism (piele si mucoase - digestiv)
• Intrarea in macro-organism:
>>>> Respirator
<< Digestiv
< Cutanat
Mucoasa alveolara
Th1 Treg
Neutropenia/ Th17 ~ zile (7-10)
Neutrofilul afectat:
Corticosteroizi Th17 Th2
Imunosupresia din Limfopenia/
cancere hematologice Limfocitul afectat: Th17
Diabetul HIV
Imunosupresia
posttransplant Ganglion limfatic
local/regional
Th1 Th17
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Ce teste facem pentru probarea invazivitatii?
• Evidentiere fung:
– Fung dimorfic izolat din organism = patogen
– Fung izolat din situsuri normal sterile = patogen
• Tuberculoză
• Mucormicoză
• Coccidiomycoză
• Cryptococcoză
• Nocardioză
• Infecții cu Ps aeruginosa
• Granulomatoza Wegener
• Metastaze pulmonare
http://radiopaedia.org/articles/halo-sign-chest
Halo sign (semnul halo-ului)
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/230/1/109.full.pdf
Halo sign (semnul halo-ului)
http://radiopaedia.org/articles/halo-sign-chest
Air crescent (croissant-ul aeric= semiluna aerică)
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/218/1/230.long
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X04000877
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
1,3 -glucan
Perete: Candine
mannan
glucan
chitina
Membrana:
bistrat lipidic, AMB
cu ergosterol Azolii
ergosterol Nucleu
5-Flucitozina
5-Flucitozina
1,3 -glucan
Perete:
mannan
glucan
chitina
Membrana:
bistrat lipidic,
cu ergosterol
ergosterol Nucleu
5-Flucitozina
Mențiuni:
Activ: Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp, Aspergillus spp,
cromoblastomicoze
Activ pe paraziți: Acantamoeba, Leishmania
Rol anti-cancer: carcinom colorectal (antimetabolit)
Amfotericina B
1,3 -glucan
Perete:
mannan
glucan
chitina
Membrana:
bistrat lipidic, AMB
cu ergosterol
ergosterol Nucleu
• Moleculă mare, nu se absoarbe, trece greu prin membrane, legare mare proteine,
concentrează în ficat, splină, MO, plămân,T1/2=24-48h!
• AMB: hidrosolubilă și lipid-formulată
– AMB-deoxicholate d-AMB, hidrosolubilă, concentrează în rinichi
– AMB lipid-formulate, pătrundere mai bună (exc rinichi), toxicitate mică
• ABLC (AB Lipid-Complex) 1.6-11u/particulă
• ABCD (AB Coloidal Dispersion) 0.12-0.14u/particulă
• L-AMB lipozomală 0.08u/particulă
• Nefrotoxicitate, medulotoxicitate (trombocitopenie, anemie)
Mențiuni:
cel mai larg spectru antifungic:
Levuri: Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp
Fungi filamentoși: Aspergillus spp (exc: A terreus), Mucor spp, Fusarium
Fungi dimorfici inconstant
alte indicații: paraziți: Leishmania, Naegleria…; prioni…?…
Hife fungice
Amfotericina B
1,3 -glucan
Perete:
mannan
glucan
chitina
Membrana:
bistrat lipidic,
cu ergosterol Azolii
ergosterol Nucleu
Spectru:
nu este activ pe fungi filamentoși!
activ pe Candida spp (NU krusei, atenție glabrata), mai activ decât
candinele pe Candida parapsilosis (nn)
activ pe Cryptococcus spp
Voriconazol
Spectru:
Activ pe Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp, Aspergillus spp (primă
intenție în aspergilloza invazivă), Fusarium spp
Inactiv pe Mucor spp
Cytochromes
CYP
3A4 CYP
2C9 CYP
2C19
metabolit
victim
substrate
Perpetrator Perpetrator
(inducer) (inhibitor)
inducers inhibitors
Clarithromycin
Rifampin Erythromycin
Fenobarbital Triazoles: VCZ, PCZ
Carbamazepin Diltiazem
Phenotoyn Verapamil
St John wort Amiodarone
ART: INNRT Cimetidine
Grapefruit
ART: PI
Posaconazol
• Moleculă mare (700 Da), lipofil, legare prot 98%, vol distrib mare, T1/2
mare; concentrează slab seric, insă foarte bine în membrane (de 50x),
de unde se transferă rapid în membrana fungilor!
• Afinitate crescută pe ţintă datorită lanţului lateral ataşat
1,3 -glucan
Perete: Candine
mannan
glucan
chitina
Membrana:
bistrat lipidic,
cu ergosterol
ergosterol Nucleu
Spectru:
Acțiune excelentă pe Candida spp (excepție C parapsilosis)
Acțiune bună pe fungii filamentoși cel mai des întâlniți în IFI –
Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp
Inactive pe Cryptococcus, Mucor spp, Histoplasma
5-Flucitosine: active on yeasts & cancers
AmphoB: largest spectrum, including Mucor
Azols:
Fluco: inactive on molds; active on yeasts, except C krusei & glabrata
Vorico: active on yeasts, molds – except Mucor
Posaco: large spectrum, including some Mucor
Candins: Caspo/Anidula/Micafungin: active on yeasts, except Crypto
and molds, except Mucor
1,3 -glucan
Fungal wall: Candins
mannan
glucan
chitin
Membrane:
lipid bilayer AmphoB
with ergosterol Azols
ergosterol Nucleus
5-Flucytosine
Agenda
Caracteristici generale, anatomie si fiziologie
Principalii fungii invazivi
Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
Fusarium spp
Dimorfici: Histoplasma
Non-culturabili: Pneumocystis
Apararea antifungica
Invazivitate – diagnostic complementar
Markeri serologici
• B-D-Glucan
• Galactomannan
Semne imagistice
• Halo sign
• Air crescent sign
Tratamentul antifungic: mecanisme si clase
5-Flucitozina
Amfotericina B: deoxicholate AMB, lipid-formulated AMB
Triazolii: Fluconazol, Voriconazol, Posaconazol
Candinele: Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Mycafungin
Prezentari caz
Case #1
A 60 y.o. diabetic male patient with headache & confusion; mild left
palpebral edema and ocular protrusion; first ENT opinion: sinusitis
In 3 days, a small ecchymosis appeared in the nasal angle of the
left eye; accentuated confusion, disorientation; MRI: stroke ACA
the second ENT opinion: necrotizing sinusitis
Dg?
1. Orbitar cellulitis
2. Invasive rhinosinusal aspergillosis
3. Acute bacterial sinusitis
4. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
5. Staph cellulitis of the face
with courtesy of my colleagues: Dr Cristina Popescu and Dr Valeriu Gheorghita, INBI Matei Bals
Case #2
58 y.o. woman, with acute myelocytic leukemia: fever and cough, on
antibiotics; neutropenia; chest X-ray: unspecific mild infiltrates
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/218/1/230.long
Case #2
58 y.o. woman, with acute myelocytic leukemia: fever and cough, on
antibiotics; neutropenia; chest X-ray: unspecific mild infiltrates
1. Tuberculosis
2. Mucormycosis
3. Nocardiosis
Halo sign Air crescent sign
4. Cryptococcosis
5. Metastatic lesions
6. Invasive aspergillosis
7. Wegener granulomatosis
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/218/1/230.long
Case #1
71 year-old male patient
History
Sept 2009: chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), treated with prednisone
under which developed steroid diabetes
Oct 2009: intracranial tumor, rhynosinusal origin, with palatal expansion
and in the left orbit
Diagnostic procedures?
Cranial CT scan
massive extension of the bone lesions with important bones damages, with
meningeal contiguity at frontal level, with a compromise left eye and a large
palatine communication
Culture and biopsy
Diagnosis?
Mucormycosis
Rhizopus spp
MICs (E-tests):
Posaco>32
Itraco>32
Ampho B=0.38
Therapy
A
insulin
ntifungals: Amphotericin B or Posaconazol
withdraw steroids ! remission of diabetes!
Posaconazol
•Lack of Amphotericin B
A ggressive surgery
•Presence of other fungal spp Posaco-S
Amphotericin B 1.5mg/kg/day
The patient was referred to several clinics for the surgical treatment, with
the refusal because of the “too large extension of the lesions”!
the mortality in rhinocerebral mucormycosis is over 80%
in immunosuppressed patients even in the conditions of an adequate therapy
: medical (antifungals and controlling of the immunosuppression)
and surgical (aggressive, with the removal of all the necrotic tissues)
finally he was accepted in the Coltea ENT Clinic
Therapy: extensive surgery!
18.03.2010: surgery: total resection of the left maxilla, exenteration of the
left orbit, radical frontal and sphenoidal sinusal surgery, radical neck
dissection of the left side with the ligature of the external carotid artery
Evolution
Sino-pulmonary forms:
Rhino-orbito-cerebral – Rapid evolution
the most frequent form High mortality despite
(DM) combined therapy
Pulmonary and (antifungal&surgery)
disseminated form in 24%-49%-->70%-90%
DM: fatal in ~10 days hematological pts
Case#2
♂, 53 yo, acute hepatitis B with Thoracic CT scan
liver insufficiency 2 weeks Nodules with central necrosis (1,5-5 cm)
corticosteroids
asymptomatic
Left eye:
sudden visual loss, pain, erythema
uveitis and hypopion
w2 w3 w6 w8
steroids
lamivudine
amox-clav
fluconazol
Numerous hyphae from soft tissue collection -optic microscopy Gram stain
Aspergillus flavus in culture (Sabouraud)
Pulmonar Ocular Tesuturi moi Cerebral
S2 S3 S6 S8
steroizi
lamivudine
amox-clav
fluconazol
GM++
voriconazol
multiple cortical and
subcortical lesions up
to 2.5 cm
18 mo tx
6 mo follow-up:
complete
resolution of
cerebral and
pulmonary
lesions
Invasive
Aspergillosis
Voriconazole
Aspergillus spp
Ubiquitous mold;
Inhalation of airborne conidia: dust/putrefying organic matter exposure during
agricultural practice, gardening, building renovation/construction
~200 spores inhalation daily
Immune-suppressed patients: compromised phagocytosis
(hematologic pts and solid-organ transplant pts)
37C