Creep

niveles de deformación por creep en cerámicos: 1 %

 Creep
Regimes

Figure 8.1 Richerson

2
 Temp., Stress
Effects on Creep

Figure 8.2 Richerson 3

Creep Strain vs. Time at Constant Temperature
Creep Strain vs. Time at Constant Engineering Stress
 Creep Machine

Creep machine with variable lever arms to ensure

constant stress on specimen; note that l2
decreases as the length of the specimen
increases. (a) Initial position. (b) Length of
specimen
has increased from L0 to L1.
General Creep Equation
Mukherjee-Bird-Dorn Equation
 Activation Energies for Creep

Activation energies for creep (stage II) and self-diffusion

for a number of metals. (Adapted with permission from
O. D. Sherby and A. K. Miller, J. Eng. Mater.
Technol., 101 (1979) 387.)
 Flow of Vacancies

Flow of vacancies according to (a) Nabarro–Herring

and (b) Coble mechanisms, resulting in an increase in
the length of the specimen.
 Dislocation Climb

Dislocation climb (a) upwards, under compressive σ22

stresses, and (b) downwards, under tensile σ22
stresses.
 Diffusion Creep

Different regimes for diffusion creep in alumina; notice

that cations (Al3+) and anions (O2−) have different
diffusion coefficients, leading to different
regimes of dominance. (From A. H. Chokshi and T. G.
Langdon, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 66–69
(1989) 1205.)
Dislocations Overcoming Obstacles

Dislocation overcoming obstacles by climb,

according to Weertman theory. (a) Overcoming Cottrell–
Lomer locks. (b) Overcoming an obstacle.
Grain Boundary Sliding

(a) Steady-state
grain-boundary sliding with
diffusional accommodations.
(b) Same process as in (a), in an
idealized polycrystal; the dashed
lines show the flow of vacancies.
(Reprinted with permission from
R. Raj and M. F. Ashby, Met.
Trans.,
2A (1971) 1113.)
 Ashby-Verrall’s Model

Grain-boundary sliding assisted by diffusion in

Ashby–Verrall’s model. (Reprinted with permission from
M. F. Ashby and R. A. Verrall, Acta Met., 21
(1973) 149.)
Diffusion-controlled creep is due to atomic diffusion.
There is no dislocation motion. Considering the single
crystal shown in Figure 17.16, Nabarro (1948) showed
that vacancies would move from the faces under tension
to those under compression. There is a counterflow of
atoms, and we get a permanent shape change as a result.