ISEP 2007– A3
Partie 2
SOMMAIRE
2. VLAN
3. SAN /NAS
4. Architecture WAN
FORMAT DES ADRESSES MAC ETHERNET Couche MAC
(bits)
24 24
0000.0C xx.xxxx
IEEE Fabricant
1 Physique
Transmission d'une trame : La couche MAC reçoit de la
couche LLC des données à émettre; son rôle consiste à:
Erreurs
10 Base 2 – 10 Base 5
10 BASE 5 – 10 Base T
10 Base T – 10 Base F
ou adaptateur 10 Base 2 – 10 Base T
Initialement 2 standards:
100 Base TX sur 2 paires – câblage catégorie 5 (identique
au 10 Base T classique : utilise la norme ISO 8877)
100 Base T4 sur 4 paires : non déployé à grande échelle –
câblage < cat. 5
Le standard :
C'est sous le nom de IEEE802.3z qu'ont été ratifiées en Juin
1998, les règles qui régissent le standard gigaEthernet :
Operation en mode Half & Full-Duplex à 1000 Mbps
Utilisation des trames standard Ethernet (comme Ethernet et
Fast Ethernet)
Utilisation du mode CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/
Collision Detection) avec support d'un répéteur par domaine de
collision.
Compatibilité avec les adressages Ethernet et Fast Ethernet
Lors de la ratification des normes en Juin 1998 ont été définies
plusieurs standards.
1000BASE-SX : "S pour Short wavelength (onde courte)" spécifie les fibres et
transmetteurs à utiliser. La fibre doit être de type multimode et avoir une
longueur d'onde comprise entre 770 et 860 nm (habituellement appelée
850 nanomètres). Selon le diamètre de la fibre (50 ou 62.5 microns) et la
bande passante au kilomètre), les distances maximales peuvent atteindre 220
à 550 mètres. Le tableau suivant décrit ces variations :
Diamètre Bande Distance
Type fibre fibre Passante Maxi
(microns) (MHz * Km) (mètres)
Multimode 62.5 160 220
Multimode 62.5 200 275
Multimode 50 400 500
Multimode 50 500 550
1000Base-LX : "L pour Long wavelength (onde longue)". La
fibre peut-être de type monomode our multimode. La
longue d'onde doit être comprise entre 1270 et 1355
nanomètres. (habituellement 1350 nm).
Distinguer:
10 Gbps
10 Gbps
OC-192 Ethernet
Gigabit EtherChannel • LAN applications
• Metro applications
1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet • WAN applications
10 Gb
Fast EtherChannel Ethernet IEEE
802.3ae
Standard
100 Mbps Fast Ethernet
Cisco Delivers
10 GbE
• HSSG (Higher Speed Study Group) • Working group ballot—task force submits
• PAR (Project Authorization Request) complete draft to larger 802.3 committee for
technical review and ballot
• 802.3ae—the name of the project
and the name of the sub-committee of • LMSC—LAN/MAN Standards Committee ballot;
IEEE 802.3 chartered with writing the 10 any member of the superset of 802 committees
Gb Ethernet standard may vote and comment on draft
Why 10 Gigabit Ethernet?
Les besoins
VLAN étendus
Avantages : mobilité physique
Les formats de trames adaptés aux VLAN
IEEE 802.10
Initialement, créé pour des besoins de sécurité (cryptage )
SDE : secure data exchange
SDE designator = LSAP indiquant une trame de type VLAN
802.10 (3 octets)
The Clear Header inclut un Security Association Identifier
(SAID) et un champ optionnel Management-Defined Field
(MDF), pour faciliter la prise en compte du PDU.
Le Protected Header contient la source address contenue dans
le MAC header pour permettre la validation de cette adresse.
Cela empêche qu’une autre station soit identifiée comme étant
la vraie source.
--------------------------------------------------------------
| | |Length| | |Station|Frag|Original | |
|Dest|Source| |0A 0A 03|SAID| | | |Data|
| | | + 16 | | | ID |Flag|802.2 LLC| |
--------------------------------------------------------------
Implémentation au niveau 3
Host
Single Point Failure
Disk
Host
Multi Pathing Increased disk
availability
Load balancing
Disk
First layer of choice
IP/ETH
SAN FC
Information Infrastructure, Topology Summary
Directly Server Data Storage
Attached
Storage Server
Device Data Storage
TCP/IP
Parallel Transmission
Ultra 2 SCSI 8 8 40 40 12
WideUltra2 16 16 40 80 12
SCSI
LAN
Switch
Fibre Channel
Host Bus Adapters (HBAs)
Tape B/R
Storage
Storage Consolidation.
SAN Pros and Cons
Server
Storage Fibre
Data Storage
Area Server
Switch
Network Server Data Storage
TCP/IP
Typical Network Attached Storage(NAS) Implementation
Server Consolidation.
CIFS, for Common Internet File System, is
a network protocol for sharing files,
printers, serial ports, and other
communications between computers.
Advantages of RAID
RAID 0 ( Striping)
RAID 1 (Mirroring)
RAID 10 / RAID 1+0 (Mirroring + Striping)
Block 1 Block 2
Block 3 Block 4
Block 6
Block 5
Block 7 Block 8
Improved performance
No redundancy : not suitable for critical data
Min. no. of disks : 2
RAID 1 (Mirroring)
Drive 1 Drive 2
Block 1 Block 1
Block 2 Block 2
Block 3
Block 3
Block 4 Block 4
Increased redundancy
Improved read performance
Min no. of disks : 2
RAID 10 (Mirroring + Striping)
Drive 1 Drive 2 Drive 3 Drive 4
Increased redundancy
Improved read performance
Min no. of disks : 4
RAID 3 (Striping + Parity)
Drive 1 Drive 2 Parity Drive
Les principes
IP
AAL5
ATM
Physique
SSCS
(Service SpecificConvergence Sublayer)
CS
CPCS
(Common Part Convergence Sublayer)
Adaptation Layer
(AAL)
SAR
(Segmentation & Re - assembly)
48 bytes
Les échanges des datagrammes sont faits en mode non fiable (Best
effort)
1 2
3
Une connexion ATM pour
chaque protocole transporté
Analyse de la cellule : VPi, VCi, marquage de trames
CLP
Point-to-point lines
are usually leased
from a carrier and are
called leased lines.
Leased lines are
available in different
capacities.
The cost of leased-
line solutions can
become significant
when they are used to
connect many sites.
WAN with X.25
X.25 provides a low bit rate, shared-variable capacity that may either be
switched or permanent.
X.25 can be very cost effective
because tariffs are based on the
amount of data delivered rather
than connection time or
distance.
Data can be delivered at any rate
up to the connection capacity.
X.25 networks are usually low
capacity, with a maximum of 48
kbps.
In addition, the data packets are
subject to the delays typical of
shared networks.
Frame Relay
Most Frame Relay connections are based on PVCs rather than
SVCs.
It implements no error or flow control.
Frame Relay provides permanent shared medium bandwidth
connectivity that carries both voice and data traffic.
ATM
Data Link
Physical
Frame Relay Operation
FRAMES
DLCI-identifies logical
connections on the
BECN-tells sending DTE device to Frame Relay switch to
reduce the rate of sending data. which the customer is
attached
Frame Relay Frame Format
Flag - like most frame formats, the flag indicates the beginning and
end of the frame
The DLCI makes up the first 10 bits of the address field, while the
FECN, BECN, and DE bits are the last 3 bits.
Local Management Interface
LMI Overview
LMI, similar to LCP in PPP, is a set of extensions to the basic
Frame Relay protocol.
LMI’s main functions are to:
determine the operational status of the PVC between source
and destination.
transmit keepalives to ensure PVC stays up
inform router what PVCs are available
LMI extensions were added by the Group of Four.
A common extension that must be used by all who implement
Frame Relay is virtual circuit status messages.
Optional extensions include...
» Multicasting
» Flow Control
Attention: il existe plusieurs LMI type !!
Frame Relay Map
A
DLCI 16 192.168.4.1
All Routers in
Same Network
Frame Relay
Network
192.168.4.2 192.168.4.0/24 192.168.4.3
DLCI 17 DLCI 18
B C
Using a Subinterface
192.168.2.2
A C
192.168.3.2
S0.1 192.168.1.1
S0.2 192.168.2.1
D
S0.3 192.168.3.1
Subinterface Example #2
DLCI 16
AB-PVC AC-PVC
Frame Relay
Network
S0.16 192.168.4.2 S0.16 192.168.5.2
DLCI 17 DLCI 18
B C
S0.18 192.168.6.1 BC-PVC S0.17 192.168.6.2
Configuring Frame Relay
Frame Relay Encapsulation
Router(config)#int s0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
One Subnet/Network Configuration
Frame Relay
Network
192.168.4.2 192.168.4.0/24 192.168.4.3
DLCI 17 DLCI 18
B C
RouterA(config)#int s0
RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.4.2 17
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.4.3 18
Multiple Subnet/Network Configuration
When your routers are parts of different networks or subnets, then
you must either physically attach them on different interfaces or use
subinterfaces on a single interface.
First step is to set the encapsulation type of the serial interface and
state no IP address.
RouterA(config)#int s0
RouterA(config-if)#encap frame-relay
RouterA(config-if)#no ip address
RouterA(config-if)#no shut
Then enter subinterface configuration mode to assign each point-to-
point link its IP address and define the destination’s DLCI.
Next slide shows the subinterface commands.
Multiple Subnet/Network Configuration
DLCI 16
AB-PVC AC-PVC
Frame Relay
Network
S0.16 192.168.4.2 S0.16 192.168.5.2
DLCI 17 DLCI 18
B C
S0.18 192.168.6.1 BC-PVC S0.17 192.168.6.2
ISDN
Commutation de circuits
Offre commerciale nationale : Numéris
Accès de base : 2B + D (B : 64 kb/s)
Agrégation de canaux
Accès primaire : 30 B + D
Backup de LS
Exemple de configuration
hostname TEST1
username TEST2 password 7 1501121F072525
isdn switch-type vn3
interface Ethernet0
ip address 195.200.99.158 255.255.255.224
interface Serial0
backup delay 0 0
backup interface BRI0
ip address 192.1.14.202 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
interface BRI0
ip address 197.5.10.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer map ip 197.5.10.2 name TEST2 0148154015
dialer load-threshold 1
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap (double intérêt …)
ip route 195.200.101.0 255.255.255.0 192.1.14.201
access-list 101 permit ip any any
dialer-list 1 protocol ip list 101
Paramètres optionnels
IDLE Time-out (voir cisco orientation)
Limites et problèmes
Risque de Facturation lié aux échanges non utiles
X25
hostname cisco3631
!
interface FastEthernet0
ip address 193.1.1.254 255.255.255.0
ipx network 2
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation x25
x25 htc 8 (highest two-way channel, il existe aussi lowest,
incoming et outcoming …)
x25ips 256
x25 ops 256
x25 win 3
x25 nvc 2
x25 map ip 192.2.1.1 191334892 (sous-adresse possible)
x25 map ipx 5.0060.474f.9ae8 191334892
ipx network 5
X25 peu implanté aux US notamment en raison du bas coût des
LS .Donc Cisco a fait un effort minimal de développement
(exemple : n° du premier cvc), X25 est toutefois supporté en IOS
standard
Frame Relay
Amélioration naturelle de X25 (migrations
importantes depuis milieu des années 90)
Forfait, configuration plus simple (aux noeuds
d’extrémité)
Gestion des congestions (BECN, FECN,
mécanisme de burst (débit d’accès, CIR, EIR)
Exemple de configuration
interface serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay ietf
frame-relay lmi-type ansi
version 12.1
!
hostname R1
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
ip nat inside
!
interface ATM0
ip address 195.12.1.9 255.255.255.248
pvc 4/100
encapsulation aal5snap
ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source list 1 overload
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 interface ATM0
access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
10 Gigabit Ethernet in the LAN
Building A 2 to 40 Km Building B
10 GbE
SM Fiber
10 GbE 100 to 300
m, MM Fiber
Cost-effective bandwidth for the LAN, switch-to-switch
Aggregate, multiple, Gigabit Ethernet segments
10 Gigabit Ethernet channel will enable 20 to 80 Gbps (future)
10 Gigabit Ethernet in the Metro
Enterprises
Enables dark fiber to become a 10 Gbps pipe for metro networks
Examples: serverless buildings, remote backup, and disaster recovery
Service Providers
Enables Gigabit services at costs equal to T3 (44.7 Mbps) OC-3 (155 Mbps)
1 or 10 Gb
1 or 10 Gb Ethernet
Ethernet
Customer A
Building B
Server Farm
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet Task Force has identified an optional
interface that matches the data rate and protocol
requirements of SONET OC-192/SDH STM-64
Therefore, 10 Gigabit Ethernet will be compatible with
SONET/SDH
This enables direct attachment of packet-based IP/Ethernet
switches to the SONET/SDH and time division multiplexed
(TDM) infrastructure
This feature is very important because it promises the ability
for Ethernet to use SONET/SDH for Layer 1 transport across
the WAN transport backbone
10 Gigabit Ethernet in the WAN
Attachment to the optical cloud with WAN physical layer (WAN PHY)
Compatibility with the installed base of SONET OC-192
Interfaces and links between SP to IXC networks can be co-located
No need for protocol conversion, traffic remains IP/Ethernet
SONET Framing
Hiérarchie SDH :
SDH (Europe - Japon) SONET (US)
… … …
SDH
La trame de base est appelée STM-1 ( Synchronous Transport
Module level 1 )
SDH Débit
STM - 1 155 Mbps
STM – 4 622 Mbps
STM – 16 2,5 Gbps
STM – 64 10 Gbps
STM – 128 20 Gbps
STM – 256 40 Gbps
Topologie des réseaux SDH
Boucle ou anneau
MIE
MIE MIE
MIE
Topologie des réseaux SDH
Bus
MIE MIE
Topologie des réseaux SDH
MIE
MIE MIE
Topologie des réseaux SDH
Protection :
Normal
E R
/ /
M R E M
I I
E R
E / / E
R E
Secours
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Architecture
SDH
9
r
pointeur a
n
g
é
e
s
9 octets
de contrôle
Trame de base SDH
1
2
3 Pointeur
4
5
6
7
Surdébit de section (SOH)
8
9
Sur-débit de section SOH
1
2
3 Pointeur
4
5
6
7 MSOH Sur-débit de
8 section de multiplexage
9
SOH
Pointeur + POH
(UA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Surdébit de section (SOH)
8
9
Service Provider/LEC
DWDM
Ethernet Framing
1 or 10 Gb 1 or 10 Gb
Ethernet Ethernet
Distance: 100 km
Summary: 10 GbE
in MAN/WAN
Rate
10 GbE over Adaptation
Service Provider/LEC
SONET/OC-192
SONET/TDM Yes
(SONET framing) OC-48, OC-192
Service Provider/LEC
10 GbE over dark fiber
No
(Ethernet framing)
Integrated Solutions
Gigabit and
10 Gigabit Ethernet on
Fiber and Copper in the
LAN Enterprise/SP
10 GbE L2 Interface
WAN (SONET
OC-192) IXC WAN
Transport
DWDM
Network
Réseaux IP – VPN
Distinguer VPN Internet et “ vrais offres ” VPN-IP des opérateurs
télécom
La qualité de service éventuellement présente au niveau 2 est
déplacée au niveau 3 (ce qui permet de faire des distinctions par
application – port (c.ad. par type de flux) et non par adresse
station seulement.
Couche 2 minimale ou inexistante (exemple de IP over SDH)