CHAPTER 1:

WATER RESOURCES
& QUALITY

Prepared by : Maswira bt Mahasan

 O SURFACE WATER- Surface waters include
streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and

WATER SUPPLY
SOURCES OF wetlands.
 Reservoir
O Reservoir - a natural or artificial place where
water is collected and stored for use, especially
water for supplying a community, irrigating land,
furnishing power,
Wetland
Wetland
 watershed
O The physical characteristics of a watershed (land
use, soil type, geology, vegetation, slope, and
aspect) and climate control the quantity and
quality of water that flows from them.
O Changes to any of these characteristics can
affect water quantity and quality.
O During heavy rains, the increased runoff and
erosion can result in increased chance of
flooding, mudslides, and impaired water quality
Ground water
Groundwater

O Groundwater - water present beneath Earth's

surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures
of rock formations.
O A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is
called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water.
O The study of the distribution and movement of
groundwater is hydrogeology, also called
groundwater hydrology.
Parameter of Water Quality
O The physical
of water
that can be
seen using
eyes and
without
further test
are called
physical
characteristi
c of water
 Turbidity
O Caused by suspended solid.
O Effect:
O High level turbidity shield water from sun
O Reduce plant growth and oxygen in water
O Measurement:
O Use turbidity meter
O Unit NTU (Nephlometric turbidity unit)
O Desirable limit-5NTU
O Come from:
O Organic and Inorganic Particles from:
O - Erosion and sedimentation
O - Land Use activity nearby
O -effluent from wastewater from
domestic/industrial use
O Effect:
O Colloid particles that not settle can cause
turbidity
 Taste and odour
O Caused by:
O Organic and Inorganic matter from:
O - Organic substance –domestic/agriculture
activity
O - microbiological activity
O - Industrial pollution
O -improper solid waste management
O Water should be free from objectionable
taste and odor.
 Color
O Change of water color due to:
O Dissolved organic matter from decaying
vegetation
O Excessive of alga –cause alga bloom
O From industrial –highly color industrial
O Siltation/Erosion/sedimentation
O Effect:
O Aesthetically displeasing
O Suggest the water need appropriate treatment
O
 Temperature
O Increasing of temperature are caused by:
O Climate Change
O Industrial Discharge
O Effects:
O Reduce dissolved oxygen in water
O Effect water plant photosynthesis
O Reduce aquatic life.
Chemical Characteristics
O need further laboratory test/equipment to
identify the concentration of chemical in
water
 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
O Oxygen dissolved in water
O Oxygen come from:
O Surrounding air
O Product of photosynthesis
O Important because:
O DO is significant factor to determine water
pollution
O Effect:
O Reduce aquatic life
 PH value
O When acid added (from agriculture/industry
and domestic), the hydrogen ion
concentration increase = lower pH number.
O When alkaline added (from
agriculture/industry and domestic), the
hydrogen ion concentration decrease =
higher pH number.
O Normal pH value=7
 Hardness
O It is total concentration of calcium and
magnesium ions
O Caused by:
O Soap
O Erosion/scum from bath tub
O Erosion from metal
 Sulfate
O Sulfate (SO4) can be found in almost all natural water.
Sulfate is one of the major dissolved components of rain
O Sulfate enter water bodies by :
O Naturally Occur –leaves that fall into a stream (sulfate is
a part of plant nutrient).Some soils and rocks contain
sulfate minerals
O Sulfate is one of the major dissolved components of rain
O From activities such as sewage treatment plants and
industrial discharges such as tanneries, pulp mills, and
textile mills and agriculture activities
O Effect of sulfate in water :
O Health effect -dehydration and diarrhea
O Alga growth -eutrophication
 Iron
O From ferum ion in certain types of rock
O Sources : Naturally Occur – these metals exist
naturally in groundwater where water contact
with rock for several times
O Human Activities: Mining and coal activities,
industrial that used iron
O Effect :
O Reduce aesthetic –
O Water coming from wells and springs with high
iron and/or manganese may appear colorless
initially but orange-brown (iron) or black
(manganese) stains or particles quickly appear as
the water is exposed to oxygen
 Dissolved solid
O Solid matter dissolved in water
O Caused by:
O Decay vegetation
O Organic chemical/gases
O Effect:
O Odor, Taste and color problem
 Nitrate
O From Nitrogen compound that converted by
bacteria into nitrates.
O Sources : Naturally Occur – All aquatic
organisms excrete wastes and aquatic plants
and organisms eventually die
O Soil contains organic matter, which contains
nitrogen compounds.
O Human Activities: near feedlots, barnyards,
sewage disposal systems or areas of high
fertilizer application
O Effect :
O Nitrates can interfere with the ability of our red
blood cells to carry oxygen especially infant. Can
Cause Blue Baby Syndrome
 Microbiological
O Microbiological characteristic is important to
determine water are safe to use and prevent
waterborne disease
O Bacteria – the purpose of bacteria is to
oxidize organic matter to energy
O Several virus and bacteria can cause water
borne disease
O Protozoa- ingesting bacteria and algae. Not
disease causing, but will give the water a
fish taste and odor.
 Bacteria
O Bacteria cells generally range in size from
less than 1 to 10 microns long, and from 0.2
to 1 micron wide
O The lower forms of bacteria can be
categorized as either helpful or harmful to
humans. The harmful bacteria we know as
those that cause disease
O Coliform bacteria are a type of bacteria
which are mostly harmless, but the group
does contain E. coli (Escherichia coli).
 Coliform
O Used to evaluate water qualitity
O Coliform are from:Overflow of domestic
sewage or non point sources of human and
animal waste which contain bacteria, so call
as fecal bacteria.
O Total coliform –number of bacteria that
occur from animal and human body.
 Virus
O Viruses are the smallest of the infectious
microorganisms. They cannot be seen under
a microscope, as they are only 0.004 to 0.1
micron in diameter
O Viruses are a unique kind of parasite that
are incapable of growth unless they are in
the presence of living cells
O Sources : feces of both animals and humans
 Protozoa
O Protozoa are single-celled organisms that live
mainly in water. Many protozoa we know as
parasites.
O Positive effect : They are bacteria eaters and
thus destroy Pathogens. They are counted by
microscope.
O Negative effect :Some Protozoa carry water
borne disease, amoebic dysentery, Giardia
lamblia and cryptosporidium - caused acute in
gastrointestinal illness
O Some protozoa such as Cryptosporidium can
caused diarrhea in children.Not all filter can
remove protozoa
OThank you
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