SIZE
A meter is about the distance from the tip of your
nose to the end of your hand (1 meter = 3.28 feet).
Nanometer:
Nano particles can make materials more chemically reactive and affect
their strength or electrical properties.
Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behaviour of matter
at the Nanoscale
Nanoscale materials are divided into three category,
1. Zero dimension – length , breadth and heights are confined at single
point. (for example, Nano dots)
2. One dimension – It has only one parameter either length (or) breadth
(or) height ( example:very thin surface coatings)
3. Two dimensions- it has only length and breadth (for example,
nanowires and nanotubes)
4. Three dimensions -it has all parameter of length, breadth and height.
(for example, Nano Particles).
What do you mean by Nano Particles ?
Nano Particles are the particles of size between 1 nm to 100 nm
• 1 nm is only three to five atoms wide.
• ~40,000 times smaller than the width of an average human hair
• Nanoparticles • Nanotubes
• Nanocapsules • Nanosprings
• Nanofibers • Nanobelts
• Nanowires • Quantum dots
• Fullerenes (carbon 60) • Nanofluidies
Quantum well
• It is a two dimensional system
• The electron can move in two directions and restricted in one
direction.
Quantum Wire
• It is a one-dimensional system
• The electron can move in one direction and restricted in two
directions.
Quantum dot
• It is a zero dimensional system
• The electron movement was restricted in entire three
dimensions
Why called Quantum ?
Quantum dot
Properties of Nano Materials
Melting Point
• For magnetic materials such as Fe, Co, Ni, Fe3O4, etc., magnetic
properties are size dependent
- The ‘coercive force’ (or magnetic memory) needed to
reverse an internal magnetic field within the particle is
size dependent
- The strength of a particle’s internal magnetic field can be
size dependent
Applications of Nano Materials
1. Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine
• In this diagram (next page), Nano sized sensing wires are laid
down across a micro fluidic channel. As particles flow through the
micro fluidic channel, the Nanowire sensors pick up the molecular
identifications of these particles and can immediately relay this
information through a connection of electrodes to the outside
world.
• These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon,
silicon Nanowire.
• They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with
cancer and may help researchers pinpoint the exact location of
those changes
2. Nano Computing Technology
Past
Shared computing thousands of
people sharing a mainframe computer
Present
Personal computing
Future
Ubiquitous computing thousands of computers sharing each
and everyone of us; computers embedded in walls, chairs, clothing,
light switches, cars….; characterized by the connection of things in
the world with computation.
3. Sunscreens and Cosmetics
• Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are currently used in
some sunscreens, as they absorb and reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays.
• Nanosized iron oxide is present in some lipsticks as a pigment.
4. Fuel Cells
The potential use of nano-engineered membranes to intensify
catalytic processes could enable higher-efficiency, small-scale fuel
cells.
5. Displays
• Nanocrystalline zinc selenide, zinc sulphide, cadmium sulphide and
lead telluride are candidates for the next generation of light-emitting
phosphors.
• CNTs are being investigated for low voltage field-emission displays;
their strength, sharpness, conductivity and inertness make them
potentially very efficient and long-lasting emitters.
6. Batteries
PHYSISORPTION CHEMISORPTION
WEAK, LONG RANGE BONDING STRONG, SHORT RANGE BONDING
Van der Waals interactions Chemical bonding involved.
Non activated with equilibrium achieved Can be activated, in which case equilibrium can
relatively quickly. Increasing temperature be slow and increasing temperature can favour
always reduces surface coverage. adsorption.
http://www.soton.ac.uk