Electromagnetic Spectrum
X-ray radiation was discovered by
Roentgen in 1895.
E= hn= h(c/l)
l(Å)= 12.398/E(keV)
X-rays Generator
1.24 x 10−6
𝜆= m
𝑉
X-ray Sources for
Crystallographic Studies
M-orbital
L-orbital
K-absorption Kb
Ka1 Ka2
K-orbital
Wave-lengths
Cu(Ka1)= 1.54015 Å; Cu(Ka2)= 1.54433 Å
Cu(Ka)= 1.54015 Å
Cu(Kb)= 1.39317 Å
X-ray tube
An x-ray tube requires a source of electrons, a means to accelerate the
electrons, and a target to stop the high-speed electrons.
X-ray interactions
q
d
d sinq
2(
1 1
𝑓 = 3𝑐𝑅 𝑍 − 1 2 − 2)
𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
For K lines
3𝑐𝑅 𝑍 − 1 2
𝑓 𝐾𝛼 =
4
2
𝐸 𝐾𝛼 = 10.2𝑒𝑉 𝑍 − 1
This is an OLD open beam X-ray diffraction device. Direct beam injuries are an
extreme danger. Newer diffraction X-ray devices for CSULB research must be
contained in an fully shielded – interlocked cabinet.
X-ray device – Cabinet Diffraction
The X-ray tube, detector and sample are contained in a housing that provides shielding to
the user and others in lab. The access doors are interlocked with safety switches and will
shut off X-rays when opened. The large viewing area is made possible by effective internal
shielding and use of special glass or plastic windows.
X-ray device – Cabinet Diffraction