ANTIDERIVATIVES

Math 147 - Calculus 2

 Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to

• know the relationship between differentiation and integration;
• identify and explain the different parts of the integral operation;
• perform basic integration by applying the power formula; and
• be familiar with the properties of the indefinite integrals.
 Antiderivatives (Integral)

A function F is called an antiderivative (or integral) of the function f on a given open

interval if F’(x) = f(x) for every value of x in the interval.
1
For example, the function 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 on the interval
2

𝑑 1 2
−∞, +∞ because for each x in this interval 𝐹′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥, which is equal to 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2

1 2
However, 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 is not the only antiderivative of f on this interval.
2
1
If we add any constant C to 𝑥 2 , then the function
2
𝑑 1 2
𝐺′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝐶 =𝑥+0=𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2
 Antiderivatives (Integral)

In general, once any single antiderivative is known, the other

antiderivatives can be obtained by adding constants to the known
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
derivative. Thus, 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 − 6, 𝑥 + 2 are all
4 4 4 4
antiderivatives of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 .

If F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) in an open interval, then for any

constant C the function F(x)+C is also an antiderivative on that interval.
Moreover, each antiderivative of f(x) on the interval can be expressed in
the form F(x)+C by choosing the constant C appropriately.
 DEFINITION: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or

𝒅
integration. Thus, if 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒇 𝒙 , then integrating (or antidifferentiating)
𝒅𝒙

the function f(x) produces an antiderivative of the form F(x)+C. To emphasize

this process, we use the following integral notation: ‫ 𝒙 𝑭 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇 ׬‬+ 𝑪
where: - ‫( 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬indefinite integral)
- ∫ (integral sign (symbol) )
- 𝑓 𝑥 (the integrand)
- C (constant of integration)
- 𝑑𝑥 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Some of the properties of the indefinite integral and basic integration
formulas, which need no proof from the fact that these properties
are also known properties of differentiation are listed below.

Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration Formula:

i.  dx  x  C
ii.  cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx  cF ( x)  C
n 1
x
iii.  x n dx   C ; n  1
n 1
iv.  [ f ( x)  f ( x)  ....  f ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  ...   f ( x)dx
1 2 n 1 2 3
• Basic Integration Formulas Illustrations:
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ‫ 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝐶 3. ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1
4 5
Illustrations: a) ‫ 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝐶 Illustrations: a) ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
4 𝑥4 +𝐶
5
1
𝑑𝑥 −2
b) ‫ 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝐶 b) ‫𝑥 ׬‬ = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
1
= 2𝑥 + 𝐶2

2. ‫ 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬ 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐 ׬‬+ 𝐶 =2 𝑥+𝐶
Illustrations: a) ‫ 𝑥𝑏 = 𝑥𝑑 ׬ 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑑𝑏 ׬‬+ 𝐶
b) ‫ ׬‬4𝑑𝑦 = 4 ‫ = 𝑦𝑑 ׬‬4𝑦 + 𝐶
3 3 3
c) ‫ ׬‬7 𝑑𝑝 =
7
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑝 =
7
𝑝 +𝐶
4. ‫𝑓 ׬‬1 ± 𝑓2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 ± ‫𝑓 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
Illustrations: a) ‫ ׬‬5 + 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬5𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥
= 5 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ ‫׬‬
1
= 5𝑥 − +𝐶
𝑥2
1 1
b) ‫׬‬ 𝑝+ 𝑑𝑝 = ‫ 𝑝𝑑 𝑝 ׬‬+ ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑝
𝑝 𝑝
2 3
= 𝑝2 +2 𝑝+𝐶
3
BASIC THEOREMS OF INTEGRATION
Let: u, v, w - are integrable functions of x
1. ‫ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝐶
2. ‫ 𝑢𝑘 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬ 𝑘 = 𝑢𝑑𝑘 ׬‬+ 𝐶
3. ‫ 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 𝑤 + 𝐶

FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF INTEGRATION

𝑥 𝑛+1
I. THE POWER INTEGRAL: ‫׬‬ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑢𝑛+1
II. THE GENERAL POWER INTEGRAL: ‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
 Exercises: Evaluate the following integrals.

𝑑𝑡
1. ‫׬‬ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 7. ‫ ׬‬3
𝑡2
2. ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7 𝑑𝑥 8. ‫ ׬‬5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
3. ‫ ׬‬2𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 3 2 𝑑𝑥 9. ‫ 𝑡 ׬‬+ 5𝑎 3 𝑑𝑡
1− 3 𝑦 7 3
4. ‫𝑦 ׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑦 10. ‫׬‬ 3 − 4 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2𝑦 3 𝑧4
2 1
−5
5. ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬− 4𝑦 3 + 4 𝑑𝑦 11. ‫ 𝜋 𝑥 ׬‬+ 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3
6. ‫ ׬‬8𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 27𝑑𝑥 12. ‫𝑚 ׬‬6 + 2 + 𝑚−6 𝑑𝑚