Chapter 22
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
1798
Malthus publishes
“Essay on the Principle
of Population.” 1812
Cuvier publishes his extensive 1858
1795 studies of vertebrate fossils. While studying species in
Hutton proposes the Malay Archipelago,
his principle of 1830 Wallace (shown in 1848)
gradualism. Lyell publishes sends Darwin his hypothesis
Principles of Geology. of natural selection.
1790 1870
1809 183136 1859
Charles Darwin Darwin travels around On the Origin of
is born. the world on HMS Species is published.
Beagle.
1844
Darwin writes his
essay on descent
with modification.
Sedimentary rock
layers (strata)
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
• Paleontology古生物學, the study of
fossils, was largely developed by French
scientist Georges Cuvier
• Cuvier advocated catastrophism災變論,
speculating that each boundary between
strata represents a catastrophe
Great
Britain EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The
Galápagos AFRICA
Islands
Equator
SOUTH Malay Archipelago
PACIFIC
AMERICA
OCEAN
Andes Mtns.
Chile Brazil
AUSTRALIA
PACIFIC
OCEAN Cape of
Argentina Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn New
Zealand
Figure 22.5c
The
Galápagos PACIFIC
Pinta OCEAN
Islands
Genovesa
Marchena
Equator
Santiago
Daphne
Islands
Fernandina Pinzón
(c) Seed-eater
• In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural
selection as the mechanism of descent with
modification, but did not introduce his theory
publicly 天擇為遺傳修飾之機制
• Natural selection is a process in which
individuals with favorable inherited traits are
more likely to survive and reproduce
• In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript
from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had
developed a theory of natural selection similar
to Darwin’s
• Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species
and published it the next year
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Origin of Species
• Darwin explained three broad observations:
– The unity of life
– The diversity of life
– The match between organisms and their
environment
個體與環境吻合
†Barytherium
†Deinotherium
†Mammut
†Platybelodon
†Stegodon
†Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
†Platybelodon
†Stegodon
†Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees
and relatives)
†Moeritherium
†Barytherium
†Deinotherium
†Mammut
60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
Cabbage
Selection for
apical (tip) bud
Brussels
sprouts Selection for Selection
Broccoli
axillary (side)
for flowers
buds
and stems
Selection
for stems
Selection
for leaves
Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi
• Observation #1:
Members of a population often vary in their
inherited traits
棲群中的個體經常產生遺傳特徵之變異
物種產生多過環境所能負荷之後代
導致許多後代無法生存或生殖
Spore
cloud
• Inference #1:
Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and
reproducing in a given environment tend
to leave more offspring than other
individuals
遺傳到適合生存之特質者
因環境適應所以適合生存並產生較多後代
• 個體這種不平等的能力可以經由世代傳
遞 而累積更多適合的特質
FIELD STUDY
6
4
Number of individuals
2
0
Museum-specimen average
10
8 On introduced species,
central Florida
6
4
2
0
6 7 8 9 10 11
Beak length (mm)
The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
• The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is
commonly found on people 金黃色葡萄球菌
• One strain, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
(MRSA) is a dangerous pathogen
• S. aureus became resistant to penicillin
in 1945, two years after it was first widely
used
• S. aureus became resistant to methicillin
in 1961, two years after it was first widely
used
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Methicillin works by inhibiting a protein
used by bacteria in their cell walls
• MRSA bacteria use a different protein in
their cell walls
• When exposed to methicillin, MRSA
strains are more likely to survive and
reproduce than nonresistant S. aureus
strains
• MRSA strains are now resistant to many
antibiotics
2,500,000
Chromosome map
of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000
1,750,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
• Natural selection does not create new traits,
but edits or selects for traits already present
in the population
• The local environment determines which
traits will be selected for or selected against
in any specific population
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Branch point
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Tetrapods
1
Amniotes
2 Mammals
Digit-
bearing
limbs Lizards
3
Amnion and snakes
4 Crocodiles
Homologous
characteristic
5
Ostriches
Birds
6
Feathers Hawks and
other birds
A Different Cause of Resemblance:
Convergent Evolution
• Convergent evolution趨同演化 is the
evolution of similar, or analogous同功
性, features in distantly related groups
• Analogous traits arise when groups
independently adapt to similar
environments in similar ways
• Convergent evolution does not provide
information about ancestry
NORTH
Sugar AMERICA
glider
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
The Fossil Record
• The fossil record provides evidence of
the extinction of species, the origin of
new groups, and changes within groups
over time
(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer)
巴基鯨類
Figure 22.UN01
• Fossils can document important
transitions化石記錄物種過渡
– For example, the transition from
land to sea in the ancestors of
cetaceans
Other
even-toed
ungulates
Hippopotamuses
†Pakicetus
†Rodhocetus
Common
ancestor †Dorudon
of cetaceans
Living
cetaceans
Observations
Individuals in a population Organisms produce more
vary in their heritable offspring than the
characteristics. environment can support.
Inferences
Individuals that are well suited
to their environment tend to leave
more offspring than other individuals.
and
Over time, favorable traits
accumulate in the population.
Figure 22.UN03