Module 9 MKM - Analisa Kegagalan

MEKANIKA KEKUATAN MATERIAL
Module 9: Teori Kegagalan
PRODI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

UNIVERSITAS PERTAMINA
Modul 9: Teori Kegagalan
1. Analisa Kegagalan Material dengan beban kombinasi:
pembebanan biaxial dan triaxial
2. Kegagalan pada material “ductile”
3. Kegagalan pada material getas
• Ref. Chapter 10 - Hibbeler
25-Jan-19 AE-3100 2
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
• When engineers design for a material, there is a

need to set an upper limit on the state of stress that
defines the material’s failure.
• For ductile material, failure is initiated by yielding.
• For brittle material, failure is specified by fracture.
• However, criteria for the above failure modes is not
easy to define under a biaxial or triaxial stress.
• Thus, four theories are introduced to obtain the
principal stresses at critical states of stress.
3
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• Most common cause of yielding of
ductile material (e.g., steel) is slipping.
• Slipping occurs along the contact
planes of randomly-ordered crystals
that make up the material.
• Edges of planes of slipping as they appear on the
surface of the strip are referred to as Lüder’s lines.
• The lines indicate the slip planes in the strip, which
occur at approximately 45 with the axis of the strip.
4
• The lines indicate the slip planes in
the strip, which occur at approximately
45 with the axis of the strip.
• Consider an element, determine maximum shear
stress from Mohr’s circle,
Y
 max  10 - 26
2
• Thus, in 1868, Henri Tresca
proposed the maximum-shear-stress
theory or Tresca yield criterion.
5
• If the two in-plane principal
stresses have the same sign,
failure will occur out of the plane:
 max
 abs 
max 2
• If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,
failure occurs in the plane:
 max   min
 abs 
max 2
6
• Thus, we express the maximum-shear-stress theory
for plane stress for any two in-plane principal
stresses for 1 and 2 by the following criteria:
1   Y } 1,  2 have same signs.

 2  Y } 1,  2 have same signs. 10 - 27
1   2   Y } 1,  2 have opposite signs.
7
8
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Energy per unit volume of material is called the
strain-energy density.
• Material subjected to a uniaxial stress , the
strain-energy density is written as
1
u   10 - 28
2
1 1 1
u  11   2 2   3 3
2 2 2
9
• For linear-elastic behavior, applying Hooke’s law into above
eqn:

1 1   2   3
2 2 2 
u   10 - 29
2 E  2 1 2  1 3   3 2 
• Maximum-distortion-energy theory is defined as the
yielding of a ductile material occurs when the distortion
energy per unit volume of the material equals or exceeds
the distortion energy per unit volume of the same material
when subjected to yielding in a simple tension test.
10
• To obtain distortion energy per unit volume,
ud 
1
6E

1   2    2   3    3  1 
2 2 2

• In the case of plane stress,
ud 
1 2
3E

1  1 2   2 2

• For uniaxial tension test, 1 = Y, 2 = 3 = 0
1  2
ud Y  Y
3E
11
• Since maximum-distortion energy theory requires
ud = (ud)Y, then for the case of plane or biaxial
stress, we have
12  1 2   22   Y 2 10 - 30
12
• Comparing both theories, we get the following graph.
13
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• Figure shows how brittle materials
fail.
14
• The maximum-normal-stress theory
states that a brittle material will fail
when the maximum principal stress
1 in the material reaches a limiting value that is
equal to the ultimate normal stress the material
can sustain when subjected to simple tension.
• For the material subjected to plane stress
1   ult
 2   ult 10 - 31
15
• Experimentally, it was found to be in
close agreement with the behavior
of brittle materials that have stress-
strain diagrams similar in both
tension and compression.
16
IMPORTANT
• If material is ductile, failure is specified by the
initiation of yielding, whereas if it is brittle, it is
specified by fracture.
• Ductile failure can be defined when slipping occurs
between the crystals that compose the material.
• This slipping is due to shear stress and the
maximum-shear-stress theory is based on this idea.
• Strain energy is stored in a material when subjected
to normal stress.
17
IMPORTANT
• The maximum-distortion-energy theory depends on
the strain energy that distorts the material, and not
the part that increases its volume.
• The fracture of a brittle material is caused by the
maximum tensile stress in the material, and not the
compressive stress.
• This is the basis of the maximum-normal-stress
theory, and it is applicable if the stress-strain
diagram is similar in tension and compression.
18
IMPORTANT
• If a brittle material has a stress-strain diagram
that is different in tension and compression,
then Mohr’s failure criterion may be used to
predict failure.
• Due to material imperfections, tensile fracture of
a brittle material is difficult to predict, and so
theories of failure for brittle materials should be
used with caution.
19
*EXAMPLE 10.12
Steel pipe has inner diameter of 60 mm and outer diameter of 80
mm. If it is subjected to a torsional moment of 8 kN·m and a
bending moment of 3.5 kN·m, determine if these loadings cause
failure as defined by the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Yield
stress for the steel found from a tension test is Y = 250 MPa.
20
*EXAMPLE 10.12 (SOLN)
Investigate a pt on pipe that is
subjected to a state of maximum
critical stress.
Torsional and bending moments are
uniform throughout the pipe’s length.
At arbitrary section a-a, loadings
produce the stress distributions
shown.
21
By inspection, pts A and B subjected to same state
of critical stress. Stress at A,
Tc 8000 N  m 0.04 m 
A  

J  2  0.04 m   0.03 m 
4

4
 116.4 MPa
Mc 3500 N  m 0.04 m 
A 
I


 4 0.04 m 4  0.03 m 4

101 . 9 MPa
22
Mohr’s circle for this state of stress has center
located at
0  101.9
 avg   50.9 MPa
2
The radius is calculated from the
shaded triangle to be R = 127.1
and the in-plane principal
stresses are   50.9  127.1  76.2 MPa
1
 2  50.9  127.1  178.0 MPa
23
Using Eqn 10-30, we have
12  1 2   22   Y 2
 
Is 76.22  76.2 178.0   178.02   Y 2 ?
51,100  62, 500 OK!
Since criterion is met, material within the pipe will

not yield (“fail”) according to the maximum-
distortion-energy theory.
24
*EXAMPLE 10.14
Solid shaft has a radius of 0.5 cm and
made of steel having yield stress of Y =
360 MPa. Determine if the loadings cause
the shaft to fail according to the
maximum-shear-stress theory and the
maximum-distortion-energy theory.
25
State of stress in shaft caused by axial force and
torque. Since maximum shear stress caused by
torque occurs in material at outer surface, we have
P 15 kN
σx     19.10 kN/cm 2
 191 MPa
A  0.5 cm 2
Tc 3.25 kN  cm0.5 cm 
 xy  
J  20.5 cm  4
 xy  16.55 kN/cm 2  165.5 MPa
26
Stress components acting on an element of material at pt
A. Rather than use Mohr’s circle, principal stresses are
obtained using stress-transformation eqns 9-5:
x  y  x   y 
2
σ1, 2       xy 2
2  2 
2
 191  0   191  0 
     165.5 2
2  2 
 95.5  191.1
σ1  95.6 MPa
σ 2  286.6 MPa
27
Maximum-shear-stress theory
Since principal stresses have opposite signs,
absolute maximum shear stress occur in the plane,
apply Eqn 10-27, σ1  σ 2  σY
Is 95.6   286.6  360 ?
382.2  360 Fail!
Thus, shear failure occurs by maximum-shear-

stress theory.
28
Maximum-distortion-energy theory
Applying Eqn 10-30, we have
σ12  σ1σ2  σ22   σY
 2 2

Is 95.6  95.6 286.6   286.6  360 ?
2
118,677.9  129,600 OK!
However, using the maximum-distortion-energy

theory, failure will not occur. Why?
29
THANK YOU
30
K
• G
25-Jan-19 AE-3100 31

Module 9 MKM - Analisa Kegagalan

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Module 9 MKM - Analisa Kegagalan

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Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

MEKANIKA KEKUATAN MATERIAL

Module 9: Teori Kegagalan

PRODI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

• Ref. Chapter 10 - Hibbeler

• When engineers design for a material, there is a

1   Y } 1,  2 have same signs.

12  1 2   22   Y 2 10 - 30

Since criterion is met, material within the pipe will

 xy  16.55 kN/cm 2  165.5 MPa

Thus, shear failure occurs by maximum-shear-

118,677.9  129,600 OK!

However, using the maximum-distortion-energy

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