Ch.

3: Matter and Energy

Dr. Namphol Sinkaset

Chem 152: Introduction to

General Chemistry
I. Chapter Outline

I. Introduction
II. Classifying Matter
III. Physical/Chemical Properties/Changes
IV. Conservation of Matter
V. Energy
VI. Temperature
VII. Heat Capacity
I. Introduction

• Everything around
you is composed of
matter.
• Besides matter,
energy is the other
major component of
our universe.
II. Matter

• Matter is anything that occupies space

and has mass.
• Some matter is easy to see (water,
wood), others are difficult (air, dust).
• The most basic building block of matter
is the atom.
II. Atoms and Molecules

• atoms: submicroscopic particles that are

the fundamental building blocks of all
matter.
• Sometimes, atoms are bonded together
to form molecules.
• molecules: two or more atoms joined to
one another in specific geometric
arrangements.
II. Atomic and Molecular Matter
II. Actual Images of Atoms and
Molecules
II. States of Matter

• Matter can be classified by its state.

• solid: closely-packed particles with fixed
locations
• liquid: closely-packed particles, but free to
move around
• gas: great distances between particles with
free movement
II. States of Matter
II. The Solid State
II. Properties of Different States
II. Pure Substances and Mixtures

• Matter can be classified by its

composition.
• pure substance: matter composed of
only one type of atom or molecule
• mixture: matter composed of two or
more different types of atoms or
molecules which may vary in proportion
II. Elements

• element: a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler substances
 II. Compounds

• compound: a pure
substance composed
of two or more
elements in fixed
definite proportions.
II. Mixtures
• Most matter exists in this form.
• heterogeneous: varied composition from one
region to another
• homogeneous: uniform composition throughout
II. Classification by Composition
II. Sample Problem

• Classify the following as a pure

substance or mixture. Further classify
them as an element, compound,
homogeneous, or heterogeneous.
a) blood
b) sugar
c) mercury in a thermometer
d) chicken noodle soup
III. Distinguishing Matter

• We use physical and chemical

properties to tell the difference between
samples of matter.
• physical property: a property a
substance displays without changing its
composition
• chemical property: a property a
substance displays only by changing its
composition
 III. Boiling Point of Water

• At the boiling point,

water is converted
to steam, but steam
is just a different
form of water.
III. An Iron Nail Rusts
• When iron rusts, it must react and incorporate
oxygen to become a new compound.
III. Sample Problem

• Identify the following as physical or

chemical properties.
a) Hydrogen gas is explosive.
b) Silver has a shiny appearance.
c) Dry ice sublimes (goes from solid directly
to vapor).
d) Copper turns green when exposed to air.
III. Physical/Chemical Changes
• Physical/chemical changes are closely
related to definitions of
physical/chemical properties.
• physical change: matter changes its
appearance, but not its composition
• chemical change: matter changes its
composition
• Chemical changes occur through
chemical reactions in which reactants
become products.
III. Physical/Chemical Changes
III. Sample Problem

• Categorize the following as either a

physical or chemical change.
a) Copper metal forming a blue solution
when dropped in concentrated nitric acid.
b) A train flattening a penny.
c) A match igniting a firework.
d) Ice melting into liquid water.
IV. There is No New Matter

• In ordinary chemical reactions, matter is

neither created nor destroyed.
• Known as Conservation of Mass.
 V. Energy
• Physical and chemical changes are
accompanied by energy changes.
• energy: the capacity to do work
• work: results from a force acting on a distance
V. Two Types of Energy

• potential energy (PE): energy due to the

position or composition of the object
• kinetic energy (KE): energy due to
motion of the object

• An object’s total energy is the sum of its

PE and KE
V. Energy Conversions

• The Law of
Conservation of
Energy states that
energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
• Energy can change
from one form to
another or transferred
from one object to
another.
V. Specific Types of Energy
• Electrical energy is the energy
associated with the flow of electrical
charge.
• Thermal energy is the energy
associated with motions of particles of
matter.
• Chemical energy is a form of PE
associated with positions of particles in
a chemical system.
V. Energy Unit Conversions

• There are three common units for energy.

V. Sample Problem

• The complete combustion of a wooden

match produces about 512 cal of heat.
How many kilojoules are produced?
V. System and Surroundings

• When describing energy changes, we

need reference points.
• system: object of study
• surroundings: everything else
• Systems with high PE tend to change
such that their PE is lowered.
 V. Energy Diagrams

• Chemical reactions can

either be exothermic or
endothermic.
• exothermic: release
energy to surroundings
• endothermic: absorb
energy from
surroundings
V. Sample Problem

• Identify the following changes as

exothermic or endothermic.
a) Water freezing into ice.
b) Propane burning.
c) Isopropyl alcohol evaporating from skin.
VI. Thermal Energy

• Atoms and molecules of matter are in

constant, random motion, which is the
source of thermal energy.
• More motion = more thermal energy.
• Is there a way to easily measure this
motion?
VI. Temperature and Heat

• Temperature is the measure of the

thermal energy of a substance.
• The hotter an object, the greater the
motion of its particles, and the greater
the thermal energy.
• Heat is the transfer or exchange of
thermal energy caused by a
temperature difference.
VI. Temperature Scales
VI. Temperature Conversions

• The formulas below allow conversion between

different temperature units.
VI. Sample Problem

• Convert 67 °F to kelvin and degrees

Celsius.
VII. Heating a Substance

• When you heat a substance, its

temperature changes.
• The amount of change depends on the
substance.
• heat capacity: quantity of heat needed
to raise the temp of substance by 1 °C
• specific heat capacity: quantity of heat
needed to raise temp of 1 g of
substance by 1 °C
VII. Specific Heat Capacities
VII. Energy and Heat Capacity

• Heat absorbed and temperature change are

directly related as shown in the equation
below.
VII. Sample Problem

• Calculate the heat necessary to warm a

3.10 g sample of copper from -5.0 °C
to 37.0 °C if the specific heat capacity
of copper is 0.385 J/g °C.
VII. Sample Problem

• A sample of lead (C = 0.128 J/g °C)

absorbs 11.3 J of heat, rising in
temperature from 26 °C to 38 °C.
Find the mass of the sample in grams.
VII. Sample Problem

• A 328-g sample of water absorbs 5.78

kJ of heat. If the water sample has an
initial temperature of 35.3 °C, what will
be its final temperature? Note that C =
4.18 J/g °C for water.