INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT:
VEGETABLES
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the session, participants
should be able to:
1. Identify and diagnose the different major
insect pests and their damages & diseases of
vegetables;
2. Learn different methods of applied pest
control to manage/minimize occurrence.
3. Collect, preserve and identify pests of
vegetables and their natural enemies.
 RATIONALE
► Diagnosis is the first step in IPM
► Correct identification of the damage and the
causal organism is a skill that an agricultural
extensionists must acquire
► Know the general appearance of the pests,
where it lives and feeds, how it behaves,
crop stage it attacks and its biology
► Managing pest population requires choosing
and combining appropriate control tactics
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Important points on IPM

a. Understand crop biology / culture and how

it is influenced by immediate environment.
b.Identify key pest, know their biology,
behavior and distribution as influenced by
environment and identify weak links in
their life cycle.
c. Identify existing biological control agents
of major pest.
Principles of IPM
► Grow a healthy crops through the use
resistant varieties, better seed selection
process, efficient water and weed
management
► Conserve beneficial parasites and predator
► Observe field regularly to determine
management action necessary to produce
profitable crop
General Types of Insect Development
 Insect Pests
Fruit worm (Helicoverpa)
• Larva bore on the fruit
which causes to rot and
ripen early
CONTROL:
• Avoid planting crops of
the same family in one
area
• Plow the field after last
harvest to destroy pupae
present in the soil
Cutworm/Army worm (Spodoptera)
• Larva usually feeds on the
stem and leaf blades and even
in fruit

CONTROL:
• Cultivation
• Crop rotation
• Plow the field immediately
after last harvest
 Whitefly (Bemisia sp)
• Usually hides underneath
the leaves
• Leaf-sucking pest
• can be a vector of yellow
leaf curl virus
CONTROL:
•use sticky
yellow traps
 Leafminer (Liriomyza sativa)
• Larva mines and remove the
mesophyll between the
surfaces of the leaf

CONTROL:
• use sticky yellow traps
• burn heavily infected
leaves
 Crop Protection
Fruit or Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

lay eggs singly on the blossoms,

shoots and fruits
 wilting of shoots and young leaves
 bore into the fruits and feed on the
tissues causing the fruit to rot
Control Measures
 remove damage fruits, leaves or
shoots then burry or burn
 release Trichograma chilonis if
available
 Fruit fly (Dacus sp)
• Larva burrow inside the fruit
and feed on the flesh
• Infested fruits turn to yellow,
rotten and later drops to the
ground
CONTROL:
• Fruit Bagging
• Collect & bury fallen fruits or
Infested fruits
• Use of attractants
 Crop Protection

Control Measures (cont…)

 use
fly attractant
-Methyl Eugenol
 sanitation

Department of Agriculture
Regional Field Unit 02
 Physical Method

Fruit fly attractant Light trap

 Pod Borer (Maruca testulalis)
• Larva feeds on flower bud,
bore on pods
• Leaves and pods webbed
together
CONTROL:
• Apply recommended
insecticides at least one week
before flowering
 Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella)

• Larva first mines on the leaves

and later goes on to pitted
feeding

CONTROL:
• Use of Bt products
• Apply Metarhizium
• Release Diadegma parasitoids
 Crop Protection
 Aphids
 sucks plant sap causing poor
stand, stunting and low yield
 transmit virus disease
Control Measures
 use yellow sticky yellow trap
 use yellow basin with water as trap
 remove infested plants
 observe field sanitation
 conserve natural enemies
Department of Agriculture
Regional Field Unit 02
DISEASES OF
VEGETABLES
DISEASE-–- any disturbance that interferes in
the normal function, structure or
economic value of a crop.

 Infectious – transferable/ communicable

- caused by causal organism

Non-infectious – result of nutrient

deficiencies or
physiological disorder
- no causal organisms
 Types of Diseases:

Fungus= reproduced through (spores,

mycelia) cell division.

Bacteria= ooze, water soak, foul odor

Virus= reproduced through replication in

between living and non living organisms.

Nematodes= swollen roots (knots)

 The Concept of Disease in Plants
The interactions of the three components

virulent
favorable
pathogen
DISEASE environment

susceptible host

The Disease Triangle

If any of the three components is zero, there can be no disease.
DISEASE SPREAD: HOW

 Soil
 Seeds
 Plants in the field
 Water
• irrigation
• rain
• ground water
 Insects
 Human/ Animals
 Farm tools/ implements
 Winds
 Infected parts
• Caused by Meloidogyne
spp.
• Irregular swellings (galls)
on the roots,stunted
growth, wilt easily even if
soil moisture is enough
• Crop rotation
• Addition of organic matter
• Heat treatment of soil
• Flooding
• Chemical control
• Transmitted by aphids
and plant/leafhoppers

• Mottling and chlorosis

• Rouge infected plants
• Control vector
• Caused by Rhizoctonia solani
and Sclerotium rolfsii
• Most vegetables are
susceptible to both pre-
emergence and post-
emergence damping-off
result to water-soaked
sunken lesion at ground level
• Heat treatment of soil
• Trichoderma as antagonists
• Fungicide seed treatment
• Caused by bacterium
Xanthomonas vesicatoria

• Bacteria are seed-borne and

disease can get started and
spread on transplanting
• Use disease-free seedlings
• Crop rotation
• Caused by the bacterium
Pseudomonas solanacearum

• Great losses in tomato,

eggplant, potato and pepper
• Crop rotation with non-
solanaceous crops
• Field sanitation
 Symptoms
• FIRST SYMPTOM -wilting of younger
leaves or slight yellowing of lower
leaves

• Browning of water - conducting tissue of the

stem

• Grayish to whitish ooze

may appear from the
darkened circle of the
cross- section of stems and
roots
Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii
Plant wilting; stem at soil line
rot with whitish cottony mold

Use healthy seedlings

Remove and burn infected
plants
Soil treatment
Caused by fungus, Fulvia
fulvum

Affects stem, leaves and

blossoms
Fertilizer mgt
Sanitation-removal of diseased
plants
Caused by fungus Alternaria
solani

Seed-borne and can be

introduced to other farms
Use healthy planting materials
Caused by the fungus
Phytophthora infestans

Favored by cool wet condition

Use healthy seeds and seedlings
Good soil drainage
caused by
insufficient
calcium when
fruits are
forming
 Phomopsis sp
• Affected fruits are first soft &
watery later turns black
mummified
Control:
• Practice crop rotation
• Plant resistant varieties and
disease-free seeds
• Apply fungicides in the
seedbed and in the field
 Colletotrichum sp.
• Sunken lesions
Control:
• Plant seeds taken from healthy
fruits
• Crop rotation
• Prevent fruits in contact with soil
by mulching
• Remove and burn all diseased
fruits and leaves
• Caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris
• Affected seedlings turn yellow and die
• On older plants, yellow wedge-shaped areas appear at leaf
margins and expand towards the center of the leaf; affected
areas later turn brown and die
• Vascular tissue is black within affected areas; discoloration
develops from leaf margins towards the base of the plants
• Heads are dwarfed and lower leaves fall off
• The black rot bacterium survives on seed and in residue from
diseased plants; it persists in residue for 1 to 2 years
• It is seed borne and is spread on seedlings and by movement of
contaminated water
• It is caused by the fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae
wor.
• The disease is characterized by stunting, yellowing
and wilting of above-ground parts of the plant
• The diagnostic symptom is the presence of large
spindle-shaped galls on roots
• The fungus is soil-borne and persists in the soil for at
least 7 years in the form of cysts or resting spores
• Soil pH of less than 7.2 favors disease development
• It is caused by the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp.
phaseoli
• Symptoms appear soon after seedlings emerge. The
tap root is first slightly discolored, gradually becomes
brick red and finally becomes brown with
longitudinal cracks
• Continuous bean cropping allows a build-up of the
fungus in the soil. The fungus can survive for 5 years
or longer in the absence of beans
• Fusarium root and stem rots become more severe
when plants are stressed by low temperature,
intermittent drought or excessive soil water
• It is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani
• It is characterized by seed rot and a water-
soaked stem rot near the soil line which in new
seedlings results in wilt and death. More
commonly, slightly sunken reddish-brown
longitudinal stem cankers appear near the soil line
on older plants. As inner stem tissue is invaded, it
becomes brick red
• It is caused by the fungus Cercospora spp
• Leaf spots are circular to slightly angular with a
gray center and a reddish border. The center may
drop out in older spots. Lima beans and other
legumes are also affected
• Pods may be affected and the pathogen is
carried in the seed
• Lesions on lima beans generally are smaller and
have more intense red borders than those on the
other beans
Control:
• Use disease-free seeds, or seeds at least 3 years old (by
which time the fungus in the seed has died)
• Collect and burn diseased leaves and pods
• Practice crop rotations with crops not affected by the
pathogen
• Spray plants with fungicides, such as Score, as soon as
symptoms appear.
Control:
• Several fungicides that are effective against
powdery mildew are available as foliar sprays
• Powdery mildews have also been controlled
experimentally with sprays of phosphate salt
solutions and detergents or ultrafine oils
• Infected plants are stunted
• Leaf symptoms include mottling, puckering
and drying-back of shoot tips
• Sometimes pods are stunted and distorted
• The common bean mosaic virus is seed borne
• Bean yellow mosaic is not seed borne
• These viruses are spread in the field by
aphids, by rubbing against each other and by
workers handling healthy plants after working
with diseased plants.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT/ CONTROL

 Land preparation
 Resistant variety
 Fertilization management
 Water management
 Crop Rotation
 Sanitation (roughing, leaf removal,
weed management
 Chemical
Suggested Readings:

Management Guide for Pests of

Lowland Vegetables
by ATI-RTC-Cagayan Valley
DA-CVIARC, Ilagan, Isabela
DA-CVLMROS-Iguig, Cagayan

Diseases, Pests and Weeds of

Tropical Crops by Jurgen Kranz et
al.