GAMETOGENESIS

Gametogenesis

 Gametogenesis merupakan proses pembentukan

gamet yang spesifik dimana setiap gamet
memiliki fungsi dan struktur yang khusus
 Sperma hasil gametogenesis bersifat motil
 Sel telur memiliki ukuran yang jauh lebih besar
dari sperma dan merupakan sel yang utuh.
 Spermatogenesis, merupakan perkembangan
sperma yang bersifat kontinyu dan prolific
(hasinya jutaan sperma per hari; tiap sperma
memiliki jangka waktu perkembangan selama 7
hari.
 Oogenesis, merupakan perkembangan sel telur
yang berada di individu betina.
 Sel telur yang belum matang terbentuk di embrio
betina, namun belum menyelesaikan siklusnya
hingga masa pubertas.
 Perbedaan spermatogenesis dan oogenesis
 Seluruh sperma yang dihasilkan dalam
spermatogenesis bersifat fungsional, sedangkan
dari proses oogenesis hanya ada 1 oosit
fungsional.
 Spermatogenesis dapat berlangsung mulai
pubertas hingga seumur hidup
 Sperma diproduksi secara terus menerus tanpa
ada interupsi.
Figure 46.12a
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubule

Testis
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Cross section of
seminiferous tubule Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonial 2n
stem cell
Mitotic divisions
Sertoli cell
nucleus
Spermatogonium 2n

Mitotic divisions

Primary spermatocyte 2n

Meiosis I

Secondary spermatocyte n n

Meiosis II
Lumen of
seminiferous tubule
Spermatids Early
Neck spermatid n n n n
(two stages)
Tail Midpiece Head Differentiation
Plasma (Sertoli cells
membrane provide nutrients)
Sperm cell n n n n
Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Figure 46.12aa

Epididymis Seminiferous
Sertoli cell
tubule nucleus

Spermato-
gonium

Primary
Testis spermatocyte
Cross section of
seminiferous tubule Secondary
spermatocyte

Spermatids
(two stages)

Sperm cell
Lumen of
seminiferous tubule
Figure 46.12ab
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonial stem cell 2n

Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions

Primary spermatocyte 2n

Meiosis I

Secondary spermatocyte n n

Meiosis II

Early
n n n n
spermatid
Differentiation
(Sertoli cells
provide nutrients)
Sperm cell n n n n
Figure 46.12ac

Neck
Tail Midpiece Head
Plasma
membrane

Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Figure 46.12b
Primary
Ovary oocyte
within
follicle

Growing
Primordial germ cell In embryo follicle
Mitotic divisions

2n Oogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primary oocyte Mature follicle

2n (present at birth), arrested
in prophase of meiosis I
Ruptured
Completion of meiosis I follicle
First and onset of meiosis II
polar n
n Secondary oocyte,
body
arrested at metaphase of Ovulated
meiosis II secondary
oocyte
Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis II
Second Corpus luteum
polar n
body
Fertilized egg
n
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Figure 46.12ba
Ovary
Ruptured
Primary follicle
oocyte
within
follicle
Ovulated
secondary
Growing oocyte
follicle

Corpus luteum

Mature follicle
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Figure 46.12bb
Primordial germ cell In embryo
Mitotic divisions

2n Oogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primary oocyte
2n (present at birth), arrested
in prophase of meiosis I
Completion of meiosis I
First and onset of meiosis II
polar n
n Secondary oocyte,
body arrested at metaphase of
meiosis II

Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis II
Second
polar n
body
Fertilized egg
n
Figure 46.13 (a) Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus 
Stimulated by high levels
 of estradiol
1 GnRH

Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of

 estradiol

2 FSH LH

(b) Pituitary gonadotropins 6

in blood

LH

FSH

3 FSH and LH stimulate LH surge triggers

follicle to grow ovulation
(c) Ovarian cycle 7 8

Growing follicle Corpus Degenerating

Maturing luteum corpus luteum
follicle
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Estradiol secreted Progesterone and
4 by growing follicle in estradiol secreted
increasing amounts by corpus luteum
(d) Ovarian hormones Peak causes
in blood LH surge
(see 6 )
5

10
Estradiol 9
Progesterone

Estradiol level Progesterone and estra-

very low diol promote thickening
of endometrium

(e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

Days

0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
Figure 46.13a

(a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of

 estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus
Stimulated by high levels
GnRH  of estradiol
1

Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of

 estradiol

2 FSH LH
Figure 46.13b

(b) Pituitary gonadotropins

in blood 6

LH

FSH
3 FSH and LH stimulate LH surge triggers
follicle to grow ovulation
(c) Ovarian cycle 7 8

Growing follicle Corpus Degenerating

Maturing luteum corpus luteum
follicle
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Days

0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
Figure 46.13c
Estradiol secreted Progesterone and
4 by growing follicle in estradiol secreted
increasing amounts by corpus luteum
(d) Ovarian hormones Peak causes
in blood LH surge
(see 6 )
5

10
Estradiol 9
Progesterone

Estradiol level Progesterone and estra-

very low diol promote thickening
of endometrium

(e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

(e)

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

Days

0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
Siklus Ovulasi
 Pelepasan hormon GnRH kemudian FSH dan LH
secara berurutan menstimulasi pertumbuhan
folikel.
 Pertumbuhan folikel merupakan ciri dari fase
folikular dalam siklus ovulasi.
 Fase folikuler berakhir ketika ovulasi yaitu saat
pelepasan oosit sekunder.
 Seiiring dengan ovulasi, jaringan folikel yang
tertinggal berubah menjadi korpus luteum yang
menandai fase luteal.
 Ketika korpus luteum terurai, maka hormon
steroid yang berasal dari ovarium menurun
konsentrasinya.
Menopause
 Setelah kira-kira 500 siklus, manusia akan
mengalami fase menopause.
 Menopause sangat jarang ditemukan pada hewan
lain
 Menopause memberikan waktu kepada wanita
untuk merawat atau membesarkan anaknya.
Hormon yang Mengatur Spernatogenesis

 FSH menstimulasi sel sertoli yang berfungsi untuk

menutrisi sperma yang berkembang.
 LH menstimulasi sel Leydig yang menghasilkan
testosteron dan hormon androgen lainnya yang
berperan juga dalam spermatogenesis.
Figure 46.14

Hypothalamus

GnRH

 
Anterior pituitary

Negative feedback

Negative feedback
FSH LH

Sertoli cells Leydig cells

Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone

Testis