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Kebumian


Roni Marudut Situmorang, S.Pd
Introduction

1. Nama:
2. Divisi:
3. Kenapa masuk OSN Kebumian?
Dipaksa/keinginan sendiri?
4. Motivasi?
5. Paling tidak disukai?
6. Tujuan Hidup?
7. Hobby :
8. IG :
9. Nomor WA:
Siapa Juara IESO 2018?
Dua siswa peraih medali
emas pada kategori
individu diraih oleh
Naufal Dean Anugrah
(SMAN 1 Yogyakarta) dan
Geoffrey Tyndall (SMAN
2 Jakarta). Sedangkan satu
medali perak diraih oleh
Abraham Karel (SMAN 8
Jakarta) dan satu medali
perunggu diraih oleh
satu-satunya olimpiad
putri, Lintang Ambar
Pramesti (SMA Kesatuan
Bangsa Yogyayakarta).
Ini bukan tujuan saya?
Saya tak sehebat mereka?

Semua orang HARUS punya tujuan,

Semua orang punya KAPASITAS OTAK yang sama,

Tidak ada Kata Terlambat,

Bermimpilah melebihi GURU MU


Apa Itu Kebumian?
KENALI KISI-KISI NYA

KISI-KISI Earth Science


Olympiad 2019
1. Geosphere and ES (37 topics)
2. Hydrosphere and ES (14 topics)
3. Atmosphere and ES (12 topics)
4. Planet and ES (12 topics)
______________________________________±
75 topics
Test 1
Jenis Soal : Geosphere & Earth Systems
Jumlah Soal : 50 soal
Waktu : 30 Menit
Key idea 1
BASIC LITOSPHERE
Matter transition in and among Earth systems has to
do with transitions between reservoirs (from one form to
another). For example, the cyclic sequence –
lithification(1), uplift (2), erosion (3), transformation (4),
sedimentation (5), burial (6) etc., creates a continuous
“Rock Cycle (7)” in which the total amount of matter
remains constant, but its form changes when passing from
one reservoir to another.

Lanjut Dulu ke Key Idea 2


Hydrothermal minerals
When hot magma
resides in the crust,
water in the surrounding
rock is heated and
begins to convect. As it
travels, the hot water
dissolves materials
(ions) from the
surrounding rock and
carries them to new
locations. If the
conditions of the water
change (temperature,
pressure, pH, oxygen
content), new minerals
will precipitate.
Key idea 2
GEOSPHERE CYCLICS

Earth’s matter passes in a cyclic way between the


different reservoirs while changing from one form
to another. The matter passes in and between the
different Earth systems: The rock system (rock and
ground) (8) – Lithosphere; The air system (9) –
Atmosphere; The water system (10) –
Hydrosphere; And the biological system (11) –
Biosphere
QUICK
QUESTION ARE YOU UNDERSTAND?

How much you understand ES?


A. Not Really Understand about ES
B. Understand about the emotion of earth
C. Understand about the definition
D. Understand about all of the relation
E. Understand about the tricks and tips for ES
Eksternal
energy

Siklus tata surya


(Planetery)

Siklus angin pasat


Siklus batuan

Siklus Hidrologi
Internal energy Siklus Biosphere
Key Idea 3
ENERGY SOURCES OF FORM

3. The energy sources that activate the “Rock


Cycle” are internal energy (12), conserved in
the crust of Earth (radio-active disintegration)
(13), and external energy – solar energy (14).

Internal energy Eksternal energy


Internal and External
Sources of Energy
Earth's Energy Sources
-Earth gets its energy in two ways:

-Internal (radioactive decay and gravitational


energy)
-External (the sun)
Earth's Early Internal Energy
-Far greater than what it is now due to 3
intense processes:

-Extraterrestrial Impacts (comets, meteors, etc)

-Gravity

-Radioactive Decay
What it May Have Looked Like...
Gravity (Gravitational Energy)
-As the force of gravity -Rocks are not good
increased within the conductors of heat,
earth, gravitational and that is why the
energy made the core is much hotter
earth more than the crust
compact, which -The heat that is present
turned into heat in the core cannot
escape quickly
energy
-Early earth had many more radioactive
elements than today, which means its core
used to be a lot hotter

-Radioactive elements break down over time


and release heat

-Some elements have a longer decay rate than


others, so they are still releasing heat energy
in the core
What Internal Energy Does

-Moves the continents around the globe


-Forms volcanoes and mountain ridges
-Causes earthquakes
Volcanoes
-Volcanoes are openings in Earth's crust that
release molten lava, ash, and gases.
-The molten rock is magma while under ground
and it is lava when it is above ground.
-Materials put off during a volcanic eruption:
-Lava, Water vapor, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon dioxide,
volcanic bombs, lapilli (rock fragments), and ash.
4 Types of Usable Internal Energy
-Chemical
-Nuclear
-Geothermal
-Rotational (least usable)
Internal Energy
-Results from the breaking down of
radioisotopes over time

-Drives plate tectonics due to conduction

-Renews the surface of the Earth


External Energy
-The Earth gets its external energy from the
sun
-The sun radiates its energy in all directions so
only a small fraction of it reaches the Earth
-On a sunny day, the planet receives 1,350 Joules of
energy per second.

-Sun's radiation is sufficient enough to run


Earth's processes
Solar Radiation
-Only 51% of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth is
absorbed by the surface
-19% is absorbed by the
atmosphere
-16% by gases and dust
-3% by clouds
-30% is lost in space
-24% is reflected upward
-6% is scattered upward
Radiation
-The numbers on the chart are an average for
the Earth as a whole
-Different materials reflect things in different
ways
-Shiny and light-colored objects reflect more
radiation than dark-colored objects
Albedo
-An albedo is the amount of radiation an object
reflects
-Snow reflects 90% of the radiation that hits it, it
absorbs the rest. Therefore, snow has an
albedo of 0.9
-A dark forest reflects 5% of the radiation that
reaches it, so it has an albedo of 0.05
Runaway Albedo Effect
-If the entire Earth were to be covered in ice, it would take a
great amount of time for it to all melt away.
-If the Earth were a ball of ice, the volcanic systems would
continue to produce and give off carbon dioxide.
-The carbon dioxide would soon fill up our atmosphere and
make the snow and ice melt away.
-The process of filling the atmosphere with CO2 would take
millions of years.
Runaway Albedo Effect
-Jika seluruh Bumi ditutupi es, itu akan membutuhkan
sejumlah besar waktu untuk itu mencair semua.

-Jika Bumi adalah bola es, sistem vulkanik akan terus


menghasilkan dan mengeluarkan karbon dioksida.

-Karbon dioksida akan segera mengisi atmosfer kita


danmembuat salju dan es mencair.

-Proses mengisi atmosfer dengan CO2 akan memakan


waktu jutaan tahun.
Key Idea 4
SOILS

There is reciprocity among the different Earth


systems. For instance, erosion of rocks (15) and
the formation of soil (16) are largely affected by
the components of the Biosphere system like
plants, fungi, worms and germs (17).
Key Idea 5
History Geology

The formation of part of the residual rocks is


tightly linked with biosphere processes. As a
result, the sequence of rock layers has evidence
to evolutionist processes (18)(including mass
extinction) that took place in the Biosphere, at
the same time there were changes on Earth
along the time line.
Ada 4 era
terkenal:
Cenozoic,

Mesozoic,

Paleozoic, dan

Proterozoic
Eons

Fanero
zoic
Preca
mbrian

Archean

Hadean
Key Idea 6
Endogen
Changes in the crust of Earth whose source is
internal energy, can be sharp and fast and occur
on short notice (earth quakes and
vulcanization (19)) but can be very slow (the
rising of mountain ridges (20)). The changes in
the Geo-sphere create a chain reaction in all the
Earth systems, which may affect evolutionist
processes (21) in the Biosphere system.
Changes in the crust of Earth whose
source is internal energy
Brittle Impacts Ductile Impacts

can be sharp and fast and occur on short can be very slow (the rising of mountain
notice (earth quakes and vulcanization (19)) ridges (20))

Tenaga Diastrofisme Impacts


- Fault Impacts - Landscape
- Fold Impacts - Time
- Construction/
destruction
Internal energy
Menciptakan
Tekanan ke Construction
permukaan bumi 1. Volcanism
Destruction
Landscape
Earthquakes
2. Diastrophic
Landscape
Key Idea 7
MOVEMENT of Plates
7. The movement of plates (22) expresses
movement of matter and energy in Earth.
Key Idea 8
APPLIED ENDOGEN
8. Earthquakes (23) and volcanic eruptions (24),
that take place mainly along plates’ borders, are
part of the mechanism of the transition of
matter and energy on Earth. These geosphere
phenomena have great influence on men
and the rest of the biosphere system.

Isu – isu terbaru dunia kebumian!


Beruntung dalam Kesedihan
TUGAS
1. Answer Search Reasons (ASR), soal soal yang
tadi di ASR-in, besok dikumpul.
2. Jawab analisis gambar di IG melalui
komentar: @ronimarudut
akan di upload Pukul 18.00 WIB
REMEMBER

Kita Harus Punya Tujuan,


Tujuan Hidup ini Harus dengan
Berkolaborasi

SEE YOU Tomorrow


b) Skills and ESO DAY 2
Abilities
1. The ability to identify the following igneous and
metamorphic rocks (25): granite, ryolite, basalt, andesite,
gabro, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite.
2. The ability to identify the following igneous and
metamorphic minerals (26): Quartz, orthoclase,
plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, garnet.
3. The ability to identify rock structures (27) such as porphyr,
pegmatite, tuff, scoria, obsidian, lineation, and foliation.
4. The ability to identify in the field igneous bodies (28) like
a volcano, lava flow, dyke, sil.
5. The ability to understand the global meaning of local
igneous and/or metamorphic phenomena in the context
of the plate tectonic. (29)
..... Skills and Abilities
6. The ability to identify the following sedimentary rocks (30):
limestone, chalk, chert, clay, marl, dolomite, sandstone, phosphorite,
gypsum, salt.
7. The ability to define the following minerals (31): calcite, clay, halite,
gypsum, pyrite.
8. The ability to identify the main composition of a soil (32).
9. The ability to identify in the field structures (33) like layering,
graded bedding, cross bedding, ripple marks, discontinuity planes.
10. The ability to identify in the field folding and faulting structures
(34) and to analyze the stress field (34) that influenced the rocks
(direction of pressing and stretching).
11. The ability to identify fossils and various forms of fossilization
(35).
12. Making schematic cross sections along the Pacific, Atlantic and
Indian Oceans (36).
14. Explaining the rock cycle in the plate tectonic terminology (37).
15. Making a schematic cross section through the earth (from the
surface till the core) (37)
The ability to identify the following
igneous and metamorphic rocks (25):
granite, ryolite, basalt, andesite, gabro,
schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite.
KLASIFIKASI BATUAN
a. batu beku dalam (tubir)
Batuan tubir terdiri dari bongkahan kristal yang besar, terbentuk jauh
di dalam kulit bumi. Bongkahan kristal yang besar-besar terjadi karena
proses pendinginan yang berjalan lambat. Contoh batuan ini adalah
granit.

Beberapa sifat atau ciri-ciri batuan


plutonik adalah sebagai berikut:

a) Umumnya berbutir lebih kasar


dibandingkan batuan ekstrusi.
b) Jarang memperlihatkan struktur
visikular (mengandung lubang-
lubang benda gas).
c) Batuan dapat merubah batuan
yang berbatasan pada semua sisinya
b. Batuan leleran/batu beku luar
Pembekuan batuan ini terjadi di luar kulit bumi sehingga
penurunan temperatur terjadi sangat cepat. Pada pembentukannya
kadang-kadang magma sama sekali tidak menghasilkan kristal, tetapi
ada juga yang membentuk kristal-kristal kecil, sehingga batuan leleran
dapat berupa kristal kecil, kristal besar, dan bahan amorf seperti liparit.
Namun, ada juga yang berupa bahan amorf saja seperti batu apung.

Ciri-ciri batuan beku luar (vulkanik), antara lain


sebagai berikut:
a) Pada umumnya mempunyai butir kristal yang
halus, bahkan amorf.
b) Sebagian memperlihatkan struktur visikular
artinya sebagian dari batuan beku luar
memperlihatkan adanya lubang-lubang bekas
materi gas yang terperangkap.
c) Kristal mineral batuannya menunjukan tekstur
aphanitis (kristal yang halus dan amorf).
The ability to identify the following
igneous and metamorphic rocks:
(25a) granite,
(25b) ryolite,
(25c) basalt, IGNEOUS ROCKS
(25d) andesite,
(25e) gabro,
(25f) schist,
(25g) gneiss, Metamorphic
(25h) marble,
(25i) quartzite.
(25a) Granit (Igneous Rock)
warna : cerah,
Butiran : kasar,
mineral dominan : kuarsa dan
feldspar,
Mineral tambahan: mineral mika
dan amfibol.

Kandungan mineral
1. kuarsa sebesar 10 – 50 persen
dari kandungan total mineral
felseik,
2. mineral alkali feldspar
sebanyak 65 – 90 persen dari
jumlah seluruh mineral
feldspar.
Riolit (25b)

Riolit adalah batuan beku


vulkanik,
Komposisi : felsik (kaya
silika, biasanya >69% SiO2- ).
tekstur dapat dari kaca,
afanitik, porfiritik.
Mineral umum : kuarsa, sanidin
dan plagioklas
MINERAL AKSESORI : Biotit
dan hornblende
Riolit adalah batuan ekstrusif
yang ekuivalen dengan granit.
(25 c) Basalt
(25 d) Andesit
batuan beku vulkanik
Nama andesit disadur dari pegunungan
andes.
Batuan Andesit disebut juga dengan
lavastone
tersusun atas mineral yang halus (fine-
grained),
memiliki kandungan silica yang lebih tinggi
dari batu basal dan lebih rendah dari batuan
rhylolite dan felsite.

Meskipun pembentukan batuan endosit juga


terjadi di bawah permukaan bumi, umumnya
batuan endosit terbentuk di permukaan bumi
sebagai akibat letusan gunung merapi.
Karena itu para ahli mengklasifikasikannya
ke dalam bagian batuan beku ekstrusif.
(25 e) Gabro

batuan beku intrusif,


berwarna gelap (hitam atau hijau
glap),
tersusun atas kristal-kristal
mineral yang berukuran kasar
(coarse-grained).
Gabro adalah batuan yang paling
melimpah pada kerak samudera.
Batuan metamorf (malihan) terbentuk dari batuan beku dan batuan
sedimen yang mengalami perubahan akibat panas dan tekanan
The ability to identify the following
igneous and metamorphic rocks:
(25a) granite,
(25b) ryolite,
(25c) basalt, IGNEOUS ROCKS
(25d) andesite,
(25e) gabro,
(25f) schist,
(25g) gneiss, Metamorphic
(25h) marble,
(25i) quartzite.
(25f) Sekis (Schist)
Asal :Hasil Metamorfisme batuan
pluto granit,shale dan
siltstone

:Putih kebau-abuan
Warna :Medium – Coarse Grained
Ukuran butir
:Foliated (Gneissic)
Struktur :Kuarsa, feldspar, amphibole,
Komposisi mika,dll
Derajat :Tinggi
metamorfis :ternampak lapisan kuarsa
me dan feldsparyang berselang
Ciri khas seling dengan
lapisanamphibole dan mika
(25 h) Batuan Marmer/Marble
Asal : Metamorfisme batu
kapur/gamping dan dolostone
Warna : Bervariasi
ukuran butir : Medium – Coarse Grained
Struktur : Non Foliasi
Komposisi : Kalsit – Dolomit
Derajat : rendah – Tinggi
metamorfisme : Tekstur berupa butiran,
Ciri khas ada kandunganfosil dan
bereaksi dengan HCL
Texture - granular.
Grain size - medium grained; can see interlocking calcite
crystals with the naked eye.
Hardness - hard, although component mineral is soft (calcite
is 3 on Moh's scale of hardness).
Colour - variable - pure marble is white but marble exists in a
wide variety of colours all the way through to black .
Mineralogy - calcite.
Other features - generally gritty to touch.
Uses - building stone; dimension stone for building facings,
paving etc; cut into blocks and cut for monuments, headstones
etc (wears over time due to softness of calcite, prone to acid
rain damage [calcite is soluble in acid]); whiting material in
toothpaste, paint and paper.
New Zealand occurrences - Northland (Marble Bay),
northwest Nelson (Arthur Marble), Canterbury, Fiordland,
Stewart Island.
Quartzite/ Kuarsit
Asal : Metamorfisme sandstone
(batupasir)

Warna : Abu-abu, kekuningan, cokelat,


merah

Ukuran butir : Medium coarse

Struktur : Non foliasi

Komposisi: Kuarsa

Derajat metamorfisme : Intermediate –


Tinggi
The ability to identify the following
igneous and metamorphic minerals
(26):
(26a) Quartz,
(26b) orthoclase,
(26c) plagioclase,
(26d) biotite,
(26e) muscovite,
(26f) garnet.
MINERAL UTAMA PEMBENTUK BATUAN

• The rock-forming minerals are the minerals that


most common minerals in the Earth’s crust.
• They are : olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, the
clay minerals, feldspar, quartz (26a), calcite, and
dolomite.
• The first six minerals in that list are actually
mineral “groups,” in which each group contains
several varieties with very similar chemical
compositions, crystalline structures, and
appearances.
Ada 7 mineral dari batuan
beku
1. Kuarsa (Quartz) (26a)
2. Feldspar (Orthoklass (26b), Microklin, Plagioklas
(26c))
3. Felspathoid (Nephilin, Leucit, Sodalit, Concrinit)
4. Pyroxene & Amphibole
5. Hornblende
6. Biotit Mica (26d)
7. Olivine
Mineral Felsik (terang boy)
• Plagioklas (26 c)
• K-feldspar
• Muskovit
• Kuarsa (Quatz) (26a)
Mineral felsik
• Plagioklas: oligoklas, albit
• K-Feldspar: ortoklas
• Muskovit (26e): bening, monoklin, belahan
sempurna, berlembar, - granit
• Kuarsa: silika SiO2 , >573ºC setangkap piramida
dengan 12 bidang, <573ºC membentuk prisma dengan 6
bidang. Bening, tembus cahaya.
• Feldspatoid: leucit: mineral yang tidak jenuh
dengan silika
Nama Jumlah arah Keterangan Gambar
Mineral Belahan
Kuarsa (SiO2) 0 Tidak mempunyai belahan,
yang ada hanya pecahan
muscovite, 1 Belahan sempurna, satu
[KAI3Si3O10(O arah, disebut belahan
H)2] basal
biotite, 1 Belahan sempurna, satu
arah
orthoclase, 2 Belahan baik, dua arah,
(KAlSi3O8) saling menyudut tegak
lurus. Belahan prismatik.
plagioclase. 2 Belahan baik, dua arah,
saling menyudut hampir
tegak lurus. Belahan
prismatik.
Mineral muskovit (26e)
• K Al2(Al Si3O10)(OH)2
• Sistem kristal : monoklin
• Belahan : sempurna
• Kekerasan : 2 – 2,5
• Bj : 2,76 – 2,88
• Kilap : kaca sampai sutra mutiara
• Warna : bening
• Optik kompleks
• Terdapat: mineral pembentuk batuan beku, di
batuan granit.
ACCESSORY MINERALS

• Minerals that are common but


usually are found only in small
amounts.
• Examples: Chlorite, garnet (26f),
hematite, limonite, magnetite,
and pyrite are common
accessory minerals.
b) Skills and Abilities ESO DAY 2

1. The ability to identify rock structures


(27) such as porphyr, pegmatite, tuff,
scoria, obsidian, lineation, and
foliation.
BATUAN BEKU
STRUKTUR HOLOHIYALIN
(AMORF)

STRUKTUR PROFIR

Batuan Hypo Abisik


BEKU LELEHAN
STRUKTUR PORFIR
COUNTRY ROCKS
(ada fenokrist =
Mineral utama
BEKU GANG
Batuan Plutonik Abisik

STRUKTUR HOLO-
BEKU DALAM KRISTALIN
(tersusun atas mineral
dg. Kristal sempurna
Terjadinya mineral di lingkungan
magmatik

• Pegmatit
• Batuan beku
• Veinhydrotermal
• Endapan hotspring serta fumarol
Pegmatit
• Lelehan sisa kristalisasi magma yg merupakan
cairan silikat kaya dengan alkali dan aluminium,
berair serta beruap (volatile).
• Mineral pegmatit memiliki tekstur butir yang
sangat kasar, berbentuk pipa (tabular)
BATUAN BEKU PENTING (ROSENBUSCH)
BATUAN STRUK BATUAN KAPUR ALKALI
LELEHA TUR
N (LUAR)
Amorf JENIS GELAS VOLKANIK: Obsidian, Batuapung, Perlit
Lyparit, Trachit Dasit Basalt-
Setengah kristalin Ryolit, Porfir Porfir Andesit felspar Pikrit
(Porfir Porfir (tanpa kwarsa Porfirit Diabas-
kwarsa kwarsa) metafir

BATUAN Porfir Porfir Porfirit


GANG Porfir Syeinit, diorit, Porfirit Gabro,
Kristalin Struktur granit, Syeinit Diorit Diorit, Beerba-
penuh Porfir Aplit, minete, kwarsa, Aplit chit,
(Holokrist Pigmatit Aplit- Karsantit, Diorit Odinit
alin vagesit Aplit
BATUAN Struktur Granit Syeinit Diorit Diorit Gabro Peridotit,
DALAM Granit Kwarsa Norit Piroksenit

Piroksin, Dialag, Piroksin,


Mika, Piroksin, Amfibol amfibol, Biotit
Mineral-mineral Ortoklas Plagio- Tanpa
Utama klas basa Plagio-
Plagioklas Asam Terutama Plagioklas
klas
Dengan Tanpa Dengan Tanpa Tanpa Kwarsa
Kwarsa Kwarsa Kwarsa Kwarsa Dengan /tanpa Olivin
Kadar SiO2 Berkurang dari 75% - 50% Dari 50% - 35%
The ability to identify in the field igneous
bodies (28) like a volcano, lava flow, dyke,
sil.
BENTUK-BENTUK BATUAN BEKU

DIKE

SILL

LAKOLIT BATOLIT

LOPOLIT
The ability to understand the global
meaning of local igneous and/or
metamorphic phenomena in the context of
the plate tectonic. (29)
6. The ability to identify the following
sedimentary rocks (30):
(30a) limestone,
(30b) chalk,
(30c)chert,
(30d) clay,
(30e) marl,
(30f) dolomite,
(30g) sandstone,
(30h) phosphorite,
(30i) gypsum,
(30j) salt.
..... Skills and Abilities
7. The ability to define the following minerals
(31): calcite, clay, halite, gypsum, pyrite.
8. The ability to identify the main composition
of a soil (32).
..... Skills and Abilities
9. The ability to identify in the field structures
(33) like layering, graded bedding, cross
bedding, ripple marks, discontinuity planes.
..... Skills and Abilities
10. The ability to identify in the field folding and
faulting structures (34) and to analyze the
stress field (34) that influenced the rocks
(direction of pressing and stretching).
..... Skills and Abilities
11. The ability to identify fossils and various
forms of fossilization (35).
12. Making schematic cross sections along the
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (36).
14. Explaining the rock cycle in the plate
tectonic terminology (37).
15. Making a schematic cross section through
the earth (from the surface till the core) (38)

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