FOUNDATION CLASS 1

Mureed Hussain Jasra

 COURSE CONTENT
1. Reasons of Failure
2. Alphabets, Words and Parts of Speech
3. The Articles
4. Phrases and Clauses
5. Sentences
6. Paragraphs
7. Punctuation
8. Tenses
9. Narration
10. Active Voice and Passive Voice
11. Basic Spelling Rules
Test
1. Word essay means: A. To write B. To say C. To compose E. Attempt
2. Oasis-Sand Island---? A. Sea B. Ocean C. Country D.
Water (Analogy of Words)
3. I hope that my friend will die soon due to cancer.(correction)
4. He has delivered his lecture yesterday.( correction )
5. The Princess’s father is a kind person.(punctuation)
6. Why you are going there in this heavy rain?(punctuation)
7. I said to him “ what did you eat yesterday?”
8. Allusion/ Illusion : Write the meanings.
9. At large: Use in a sentence.
10. Allama Iqbal ba-qaidge sa roozay rakha kartay thy.
Answers
1. Attempt
2. Water
3. I fear that my friend will die soon due to cancer.
4. He delivered his lecture yesterday.
5. The princess’ father is a kind person.
6. Why you are going there in this heavy rain.
7. I asked him what he had eaten previous day.
8. Allusion: reference, quotation, hint and citation/ Illusion: false
impression, misapprehension, fantasy and delusion
9. Free, unconfined . The day after the robbery, the thieves were
still at large.
10. Allama Iqbal used to observe fast regularly.
Reasons of Failure
 Present simple tense (where to use s or es with verb of
singular noun or pronoun)
 Difference between present perfect and simple past tense and
continuous and perfect continuous tense
 Use of a and an with countable and uncountable nouns and
excessive use of the
 Poor sentence construction
Reasons of Failure
 Faulty structure
 Inappropriate content
 Punctuation
 Long but faulty sentences due to excessive use of
conjunctions
 Poor presentation
Reasons of Failure
 THE FRAGMENT: A number of different ideas should not be
put together in one single unit
He is my friend and his father is a rich person.
 THE COMMA SPLICE: The second basic error results from
the use of a comma to join two clauses in a compound sentence
Five of us were in the taxi, I was reading the
newspaper when the truck side-swiped us.
Reasons of Failure
 THE FUSED SENTENCE: Sentences that run into each other
with no marks of punctuation are said to be ‘fused.’ Writing
such sentences is not only a sign of extreme carelessness or
sheer ignorance of the basic facts about sentence structure.
Wrong: Our club raised some money for the Red
Crescent Society an organization like this
wonderful.
Intelligible: Our club raised some money for the Red Crescent
Society. An organization like this is a wonderful thing.
Reasons of Failure
 THE DANGLING MODIFIER: A modifier is always so
placed in a sentence that is related immediately. If it cannot
be so placed or connected with its antecedent in the
sentence, it is said to ‘dangle’. Generally, a dangling modifier
makes the sentence ridiculous.

* Puffing and panting, we the top of the hill was

reached at last.
- Puffing and panting, we reached the top of the hill at last
Alphabet
 A combination of symbols to reflect some specific sound of a
language
 They are divided into two types;
Consonant
Vowel
Word
 A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing,
used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence
and typically shown with a space on either side when written
or printed
 It has 8 different types and its division is called Parts of
Speech
1.Noun
2.Pronoun
3.Adjective
4.Verb
5.Adverb
6.Preposition
7.Conjunction
8.Interjection
 Word that names

 A Person

A Place

 A Thing

 An Idea
 Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
boy John
girl
Mary

Singular Plural Nouns

Nouns(countable & boys
uncountable) girls
boy
girl
Kinds of Noun
 Collective Noun
 Abstract Noun
 Material Noun
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.

Indefinite Pronouns
anybody
each
either
none
someone, one, etc.
Subjective Possessive Objective

I MY/MINE ME

WE OUR/OURS US

YOU YOUR/YOURS YOU

HE HIS HIM

SHE HER HER

IT ITS IT

THEY THEIR THEM

A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a statement
“be” verbs
&
taste
feel
sound
look
appear
become
seem
grow
remain
stay
 Kinds of Verbs
 Action verbs express
mental or physical action.
•A Modal verb is a type
of auxiliary verb that is used to
indicate modality – that is,
likelihood, ability, permission, and
obligation.
can/could, may/might,must, will/woul
d, and shall/should,ought to and have
to
 Auxiliary verb make a
statement by connecting the
subject with a word that
describes or explains it.
1. Be,is,am,are,was,were,be
ing and been
2. Do,does and did
3. Has,have and had
4. Will,shall and would
Action Verb
 A verb is one of the most important parts of the sentence.
 It tells the subjects actions, events, or state of being.
 It is always found in the predicate of a sentence.
 A verb that shows action is called an action verb.
Can you find the action verb in each
sentence?

1. His teacher has written the answers on the board.

2. Aleena worked on her homework last night.
Forms of verb
Present Past Past Present
Participle Participle
Read Read Read Reading
Go Went Gone Going
Play Played Played Playing

cry Cried Cried Crying

Auxiliary Verbs
 They are called helping verbs.
 They have no meaning on their own.
 They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a
sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone.
 We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They
"help" the main verb (which has the real meaning).
Auxiliary Verbs
 There are only about 15 helping verbs in English and
we divide them into two basic groups:
 Primary helping verbs (4 verbs). These are;
Be, Do,Will and Have.
 Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as
main verbs.
1. He does his work regularly.
2. Does he play?
Primary helping verbs(Uses of be(is,
am,are,was,were)
1. Simple Questions
 We create simple yes/no questions by inverting the
order of subject and the “To be” verb.
 Is your brother taller than you?
 Were they embarrassed by the comedian?
Primary helping verbs
2. In Passive Constructions
A form of the verb “To be” is combined with a past participle to
form the passive.
Football is played by him
Primary helping verbs
3. Progressive(continuous) Forms
 Progressive forms include a form of “To be” plus a present
participle (an -ing ending).
 to describe actions already in progress, as
1.I was doing my homework
2.I will be graduating from college
Primary helping verbs
4. Tag Questions with “To Be”
When we use “To be” verbs in a tag question, the basic formula
follows: the verb is combined with a pronoun and sometimes
with not (usually in a contracted form). Positive statements
are followed by negative tags; negative statements by positive
tags.
Are you going? Aren’t you?
 2.Primary helping verbs(Uses of Do,
Does and Did)
1.In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to
express the negative and to ask questions.
(Does, however, is used for third-person, singular subjects in
the present tense).

(The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.)
Primary helping verbs
2.Forms of do are useful in expressing similarity and
differences in conjunction with so and neither(when do not
want to repeat main verb).
1. My wife hates insects and so does my son.
Primary helping verbs (Uses of Have,
Has and Had)

1.Forms of the verb to have are used to create tenses

known as the present perfect and past perfect.
2.Used as a main verb to show possession
I have many books in my study room.
Primary helping verbs
3.Have is often combined with an infinitive to form an auxiliary
whose meaning is similar to "must."
1. She has to pay her own tuition at college.
2. He has to have been the first student to try that.
Primary helping verbs
4.Have is also in combination with other modal verbs to
express probability and possibility.

1.They must have been sleeping.

2.They might have been sleeping.
3.The students did well on the test. They must have
studied hard.
4.I’ve phoned Javed several times, but he doesn’t answer.
He might have gone out.
Modal Auxiliaries
 Can and Could
We use can and could for abilities;
1.He can play. Ability
Modal Auxiliaries
 Will /shall
1. Talking about the present, future or past with
certainty
2. Making a promise or a threat
1. I shall cry your bag.
2. I will stop smoking.
Modal Auxiliaries
 Would
1. Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)
1. Would you shut the door, please?
2. In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from reality':
imagined, unreal, impossible situations
1. He said, “would that Quaid were alive to see our fate
today!”
3.Talking about past habits (similar meaning to used to)
1. Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
Modal Auxiliaries
 Should
1. Giving advice
2. Obligation: weak form of must
1. You should drive carefully in bad weather
2. You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
.obligation
Modal Auxiliaries
 Ought to
Ought to usually has the same meaning as should, particularly
in affirmative statements in the
 You should/ought to get your hair cut.
 Should is much more common (and easier to say!), so if
you're not sure, use should.
Modal Auxiliaries
 Must
1. Necessity and obligation
Modal Auxiliaries
 Used to
1.The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an
action that took place in the past, perhaps customarily, but
now that action no longer customarily takes place:
We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.
Modal Auxiliaries
 Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being
accustomed to or familiar with something:
 The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used
to it by now
 I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.
 Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place
in formal or academic text.
Modifies or describes a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:

Did you lose your address

book?

Is that a wool sweater?

Just give me five minutes.

Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective, Answers the questions:
or another adverb.

He ran quickly.
She left yesterday.
We went there.

It was too hot! To what degree or how much

A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.

They received a postcard from Ali telling

about his trip to Canada.

 The preposition never stands alone!

object of
preposition
preposition object

You can press those leaves under glass.

Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.

It happened during the last examination.

Some Common Prepositions

aboard behind from throughout

about below in to
above beneath into toward
across beside like under
after between of underneath
against beyond off until
along by on up
among down over upon
around during past with
at except since within
before for through without
The conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words
or groups of words.

or

but
 The Interjection
is an exclamatory word that expresses
Emotion

1. Sadness Alas! he has met an accident.

2. Happiness Hurrah! We have won our match.
3. Wonder what a beautiful this house is!
4. Surprise How old this woman is!
5. Praise Bravo! you have done well.