Method
Power systems 4
Gumede
Lecture #7
1
Power Flow Solution
• In power engineering, the power flow study (also
known as load flow study) is an important tool
involving numerical analysis applied to a power
system. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power
flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a
one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses
on various forms of AC power (ie: reactive, real, and
apparent) rather than voltage and current. It analyses
the power systems in normal steady-state operation.
There is a number of software implementations of
power flow studies.
• The following four variables are associated with
each bus k - voltage magnitude Vk, phase angle
deltak, net real power Pk and reactive power Qk
supplied to the bus. 2
Power Flow Solution
The goal of a power flow study is to obtain complete voltage angle
and magnitude information for each bus in a power system for
specified load and generator real power and voltage conditions.
Once this information is known, real and reactive power flow on
each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be
analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem,
numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within
an acceptable tolerance.
The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the
known and unknown variables in the system. The known and
unknown variables are dependent of the type of bus. A bus without
any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one
exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called
a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarily-selected bus that
has a generator. This bus is referred to as the Slack Bus.
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Power Flow Solution
Eg
Is
Zp
Z p Zg
4
Power Flow Solution
A load flow study is done on a power system to
ensure that:
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Power Flow Equation
The starting point of a load flow problem is a
single line diagram of the power system as
shown in previous figure, from which input
data for computer solutions can be obtained:
•Input data consists of bus data (P, Q, V)
•transmission line data and (Z, Y)
•transformer data. (Turns Ratio, Z%)
•Y bus formation is next
= yiiVi -yi1V1-yi2V2-...-yinVn
•Note k and k+1 are the iterations which are used for calculating
the value of Vi until the solution converges. It starts with k=0
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Power Injections
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Power Injections
• In power flow study, we are required to solve the set of non-
linear equations for two unknowns at each bus. Vi is solved
using the sequence and yij is in lower case and it is the actual
admittance in pu taken directly from the network
Voltage
Magnitude
at bus i
Real
Power
at bus i
Reactive
Power at
bus 12i
Gauss-Seidel Equation
Psch and Qsch are net real and reactive power expressed in pu. In
writing the KCL, current entering the bus i was assumed
positive. Thus, for bus where real and reactive powers are
injected into the bus, such as generator buses, Pisch and Qisch
have positive values. For load buses where real and reactive
powers are flowing away from the bus, Pisch and Qisch have
negative values.
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Gauss-Seidel Equation
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Gauss-Seidel Equation
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Gauss-Seidel Equation
Where ei(k+1) and fi(k+1) are the real and imaginary components of the
voltage Vi (k+1) in the iterative sequence.
The rate of convergence is increased by applying an acceleration factor
to the approximate solution obtained from each iteration.
( k 1)
Vi (V ( k ) ical V ( k ) i )
(k )
Vi
Where is acceleration factor. Its value depend upon the system.
The range of 1.3 – 1.7 is found to be satisfactory for typical systems.
The updated voltages immediately replace the previous voltage in the
solution of the subsequent equations.
The process is continues until changes in the real and imaginary
components of the bus voltages between successive iterations are
( k 1)
within a specified accuracy i.e. ei e( k ) i
( k 1)
fi f (k )i
For the power mismatch to be reasonably small and acceptable, a very
tight tolerance must be specified on both components of the voltage.
A voltage accuracy in the range of 0.00001 to 0.00005 pu is used. 17
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
After the iterative solution of bus voltages, the next step is the
computation of the line flows and line losses.
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Solution
Admittance y12 = 1/z12 = 1/(0.02 + 0.04) = 10- j20, y13 = 10-j30 and
y23 = 16-j32
jQ2 jQ2
sch sch sch sch
P2 P2
y V y23V3 Y12V1( 0) Y23V3
( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
*(0 ) 12 1 *(0 )
V2 V2
(1)
V2
y12 y23 Y22
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Solution
V2(1)= 0.9825 – j0.0310
jQ3 jQ3
sch sch sch sch
P3 P3
y V y23V2 Y13V3( 0) Y23V2
(0) (1) (0)
*(0 ) 13 1 *(0 )
V3 V3
(1)
V3
y13 y23 Y33
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Solution
Here is the solution to the problem starting with V2 at iteration1
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Solution
22
Solution
23
Solution
S31 = V3I*31 = (1.0 –j0.05 (-2.0-j1.0) = -2.05 – j0.9 pu
= -205MW – j90Mvar
S23 = V2I23* = (0.98 –j0.06)(-0.656 – j0.432) = -0.656-j0.432 pu
=-656MW – j432Mvar
S32=V3I*32 = (1 – j0.05)(0.64 + j0.48) = 0.664 + j0.448 pu
=66.4 MW + j44.8Mvar
Line Losses
SL12 = S12 = S21 = 8.5MW + j17.0 Mvar
SL12 = S13 + S31 = 5.0 MW + j15.0 Mvar
SL23 = S21+S32 = 0.8MW + j1.6Mvar
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Bus 1 Bus2
66.4Mvar
43.2Mvar
205MW
90Mvar
Bus3
138.6MW 45.2Mvar 25
Example G-S
Example 2.
If the same network, is used bus 3 is now changed to generator bus.
Bus 1 is taken as a slack bus with voltage adjusted to 1.05 pu. At
bus 3, P injected to the bus is 200MW and the voltage magnitude is
|V3| = 1.04. In bus 2 the power drawn from the bus is 400MW and
250MVAR respectively and 100MVA base is used. Obtain a power
flow solution using G-S method. Calculate Q3, angle at bus3, V2 and
finally P1 and Q1.
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Solution
27
Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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fb = linedata(:,1);% From bus number ...
tb = linedata(:,2);% To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3);% Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4);% Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5);% Ground Admittance, B/2...
z = r + i*x;% Z matrix...
y = 1./z;% To get inverse of each element...
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));% no. of buses...
nbranch= length(fb);% no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus);% Initialise YBus...
% Formation of Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranchybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m | tb(n) == mybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
ybus
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