Presented By:
Mr. Kiran D. Baviskar,
Assist. Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutics,
Gain of electrons
(Loss of oxygen)
“LEO the lion goes GER .”
Losing Electrons is Oxidation
Gaining Electrons is Reduction
Fruits and Vegetables oxidised when left in open
air
◦ Solution: Seal in plasticwrap
◦ More radical: Add lemon juice to the cut fruit
People!
Oxidation of nutrients causes increased activity of
cells, leading to aging skin
◦ Solution: Beauty products?
Redox – reduction +oxidation
Both processes occursimultaneously
Hence, one species is oxidised, another is
reduced
So, whatis oxidation, and whatis reduction?
3 different versions of the definition:
Oxidation Reduction
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Oxidation is… Reduction is…
MgO + H2 Mg + H2O
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
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1. Reaction of reduction oxidation based on releasing (lossing) and
gaining of oxygen
a. Oxidation reaction
Oxidation reaction is a reaction of gaining (capturing) of oxygen
by a substance
Example :
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2Og)
P4(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s)
b. Reduction reaction
Reduction reaction is a reaction of releasing (lossing) of oxygen
from a oxide compound
Example:
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(g)
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
a. Oxidation reaction
Oxidation reaction is a reaction of electron releasing (lossing) from a
substance.
Example:
Na Na+ + e−
M Mg2+ + 2 e−
g Cu2+ + 2 e−
Cu
b. Reduction reaction
Reduction reaction is a reaction of electron gaining by a substance.
Example:
S + 2 e− S2−
Oxidizing Agent (Oxidant) and Reducing Agent
(Reductant)
Thereactantsthatinvolveinaredoxreactioncanbedifferentiated into
twokinds, thatisoxidizing agent(oxidant)andreducingagent (reductant)
Cl2(g)) + 2 e- Cl-(aq
0 (-1) x 2
(reduction)
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There are two kinds of electro chemical cells, galvanic or
electrolytic.
Fe 2+ → Fe 3+ + e -
The electron thus produced will flow through the wire to the other
beaker where the Ce4+ is reduced (at the cathode).
Ce 4+ + e - → Ce 3+
e- e-
e- e-
Anode Cathode
e- e-
Reducing Oxidizing
Agent Agent
Oxidizing agent pulls the electron.
Reducing agent pushes the electron.
The push or pull (“driving force”) is called the cell
potential Ecel
Also called the electromotive force (emf)
Unit is the volt(V)
= 1 joule of work/coulomb of charge
Measured with a voltmeter
Quantitative Classical Chemical Analysis
Gravimetry Titrations
Gravimetry Titrations
Iodimetry
Iodometry
avinegar
Direct Titrations
Indirect Titrations
Back Titrations
Iodometry
Titrations Example Type of reaction
Fajans
□ Direct Titration □ Indirect Titration □ Back
Method
Titration
Volhard
□ Direct Titration □ Indirect Titration □ Back
Method
Titration
analyte + I- → I2
unknown
Iodometric titrations:
a) An oxidizing analyte
b) Two reactions
c) Standard solution: Sodium thisoufate
Analytical applications:
Iodimetric titrations:
Species analyzed (reducing analytes)
SO2 , H2S, Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Hg2+ , Pb2+
Cysteine, glutathione, mercaptoethanol
Glucose (and other reducing sugars)
Iodometric titrations:
Species analyzed (oxidizing analytes)
HOCl ,Br2, IO3- , IO4 ,- O2, H2O2, O3
NO2- , Cu 2+
MnO4-, MnO2
Direct Indirect
Iodimetric method Iodometric method
oxidant
Reductant
+
+ starch
KI→I2
Add starch
Colorless E.P.