UCSD Physics 10

Michael Faraday

CHAPTER 8:
Electromagnetism
UCSD Physics 10
L21: How Do Magnets Behave?

Magnetic Force
• attraction or repulsion that arises
between electrically charged particles
because of their motion.
• it is the basic force responsible for
such effects as the action of electric
motors and the attraction of magnets
for iron.
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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

1. Magnets have the ability to attract materials that are
magnetic in nature

*Some materials are magnetic; others are not.

*Magnetic material - one which can be magnetized and
is attracted to magnets.
*All strongly magnetic materials (ferromagnetics)
contain iron, nickel or cobalt.

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

• Hard Magnetic Materials -materials which retain their
magnetism and are difficult to demagnetize. These
materials retain their magnetism even after the
removal of the applied magnetic field. Hence these
materials are used for making permanent magnets.
(Ex. Steel)
• Soft Magnetic Materials -materials that are easy to
magnetize and demagnetize.These materials are used
for making temporary magnets ( Ex. Iron)
• Nonmagnetic Materials-materials which are not
attracted by a magnet (include metals such as copper,
zinc, aluminum, tin, and brass, and nonmetals)
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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

Where does magnetism came from?
• All matter is made out of atoms. An atom can be thought
of as a small nucleus of material around which orbit even
smaller particles of matter called electrons. The electrons
have an electrical charge, so when they orbit they form
small loops of electrical current around each nucleus.
Magnetic fields are formed by electricity.
• In most materials the little magnets formed by each atom
are all pointing in different directions, and so they cancel
each other out. In some materials such as lodestone, an
iron ore, the Earth's magnetic field lined up all the atom-
magnets and left the whole stone one large magnet.
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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

• Magnets can be demagnetized (that is, their atomic
magnets are thrown out of line) by hammering it or
heating it to a high temperature.

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

2. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align in one
particular direction

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align in one
particular direction
• If you suspend a bar magnet by a thread, the north pole of
the magnet will point toward the north pole of the Earth
and the south pole will point toward the south pole of the
Earth.
• The Earth itself is a giant Magnet.
(However,)
* The magnetic south pole of the Earth is located near the
Earth's geographic north pole. And Earth's magnetic north
near its geographic south.

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs
• Magnetic poles cannot be separated by each other.
Magnets always have 2 opposite poles.
• If you break a magnet in half, each is still a complete
magnet with 2 poles, north and south

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.2 MAGNETIC Magnetic field- a region

FIELDS in which magnetic force
can be detected.

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UCSD Physics 10

L21.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS

• Magnetic Flux - the number of magnetic field lines
per area.
• tesla (T)- SI unit of magnetic field strength
• in honor of the Serbian-American physicist
Nikola Tesla
• 1 tesla=1 N/A.m
• weber (Wb) - SI unit of magnetic flux
• 1 weber= 1tesla square meter

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UCSD Physics 10
L22: How Does Electric Current Produce a Magnetic
Field?
• Hans Christian Oersted (Danish physicist, chemist, and
philosopher)
- observed that when a compass was brought near a
current-carrying wire, the compass needle did not point to
the north but got deflected to another direction.
- furthermore, when the flow of current was
disconnected it no longer affected the compass, and its
needle now turned to the north.
- concluded then that the point of a compass needle
would follow a magnet.
-thought that, when an electric current flowed through
the wire, the wire acted like a magnet and electricity can
somehow
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• Electromagnet- a core of magnetic material (such as iron) surrounded by a
coil of wire through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the core

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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• What affects the strength of an electromagnet?
* Dependent on the: number of turns in the coil, and the size
of the iron core, and the current

- stronger magnetic field= number of turns in the coil

is increased
- stronger magnetic field= size of the soft-iron core is
increased
- or both are increased.

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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• How can the magnetic strength of an electromagnet be
changed?
* a magnetic field around the wire coil is created every time
an electric current flows through the wire coil (turning the
electromagnet on)
* the magnetic domains in the soft-iron core aligns with the
magnetic field of the coil (this magnetizes the soft-iron core
* one end of the soft-iron core becomes the north pole and
the other end the south pole.
• Once the magnetic field of the magnetized soft-iron core
combines with the magnetic field of the wire coil, a very
strong magnet is created.
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.2: MAGNETIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC
CURRENT
• Magnets can produce motion.
• Electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field similar that of a
magnet.
• And so a magnet can move a wire, as it would move another
magnet.
• Interaction between electricity and magnetism can cause something
to move.
• Energy- the ability to move an object.
*Electrical energy - energy associated with electric current
*Mechanical energy - the energy of an object due to its movement or
position
• There is energy transformation when a current-carrying wire is
placed in a magnetic field (conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy)
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?

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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?
*a simple DC electric motor contains an electromagnet, a permanent
magnent, and a commutator
• Armature - electromagnet placed in the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
- the armature turns a drive shaft that does work
• commutator - part of a motor which reverses the flow of current
- consists of 2 parts of a ring, each half is attached to
one end of the loop of the wire. As it moves,it slides past 2 contact
points (brushes)
• brushes - connects the commmutator to the current source

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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?
*a simple DC electric motor contains an electromagnet, a permanent
magnent, and a commutator
• Armature - electromagnet placed in the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
- the armature turns a drive shaft that does work
• commutator - part of a motor which reverses the flow of current
- consists of 2 parts of a ring, each half is attached to
one end of the loop of the wire. As it moves,it slides past 2 contact
points (brushes)
• brushes - connects the commmutator to the current source

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UCSD Physics 10
L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
• Oersted discovery was put into mathematical form by 3 French
physicist who extended his work:
Jean-Baptiste Biot, Felix Savart, and Andre Marie Ampere
• Scientist began to wonder if they could reverse the process (using
magnetic field to produce electric current
• 3 physicist work on this hypothesis
1. Michael Faraday
Faraday's Law - Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of
wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter
how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change
could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a
magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of
the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.

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UCSD Physics 10
L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
2. Joseph Henry
- explained that a changing electric current in a
coil can induce another current in the same coil. As a
result, the coil consists of 2 components, the initial
current plus an induced current (this effect is known
as inductance)

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UCSD Physics 10
L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
3. Heinrich Friedrich Lenz
Lenz Law

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UCSD Physics 10
L23.2:ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• Electromagnetic or magnetic induction - the production of an
electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic field.
*some concepts to understand electromagnetic induction:

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UCSD Physics 10
L23.2: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
* Electric generator - converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
• Any device that creates an electric current by turning a coil of wire
through a magnetic field is a generator

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UCSD Physics 10

Electromagnetism
• Electricity and magnetism are different facets of
electromagnetism
– a moving electric charge produces magnetic fields
– changing magnetic fields move electric charges
• This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell
• Einstein saw electricity and magnetism as frame-
dependent facets of unified electromagnetic force

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UCSD Physics 10

Magnetic fields from electricity

• A static distribution of charges produces an electric
field
• Charges in motion (an electrical current) produce a
magnetic field
– electric current is an example of charges (electrons) in motion

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UCSD Physics 10

Electromagnets
• Arranging wire in a coil and running a current
through produces a magnetic field that looks a lot
like a bar magnet
– called an electromagnet
– putting a real magnet inside, can shove the magnet back
and forth depending on current direction: called a
solenoid

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UCSD Physics 10

Induced Current
• The next part of the story is that a changing
magnetic field produces an electric current in a
loop surrounding the field
– called electromagnetic induction, or Faraday’s Law

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UCSD Physics 10

The Electromagnetic Connection

• A changing magnetic field produces an electric field, and a

changing electric field produces a magnetic field.
• Electric and Magnetic fields can produce forces on charges
• An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves
(radiation)
• Both electric and magnetic fields can transport energy
– Electric field energy used in electrical circuits, e.g., released in
lightning
– Magnetic field carries energy through transformer, for example

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