By

HPA AXIS DAN CORTISOL Lamya Hisyam Tamimi

16 – 056
B3
HYPOTHALAMIC – PITUITARY – ADRENAL ( HPA ) AXIS
HPA axis adalah sistem neuroendokrin (saraf hormon) tubuh yang melibatkan hypothalamus, kelenjar hormon pituitary, dan
kelenjar adrenal.

HPA axis merupakan komponen utama neuroendokrin tubuh dalam merespon stress.

Hasil akhir dari HPA-axis  CORTISOL

Cortisol  is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands which sit on top of each kidney. When released into
the bloodstream, cortisol can act on many different parts of the body and can help :
 your body respond to stress or danger

 Increase your body’s metabolism of glucose

 Control blood pressure

 Reduce inflammation

 Neede for the fight or flight response

Too much cortisol Not enough cortisol
 weight gain, particularly around the abdomen  Continual tiredness
and face
Thin and fragile skin that is slow to heal  Nausea and vomiting
Acne  weight oss
For women, facial hair and irregular menstrual
periods Muscle weakness
Pain in the abdomen
REVIEW SINGKAT TENTANG CORTEX ADRENAL
BAGAIMANA CORTISOL DI SINTESIS?
PROSES PENGELUARAN CORTISOL
Only unbound hormone is free to
diffuse into target cells!!!

All nucleated cells of the

body have cytoplasmic
glucocortiocoid receptors
PENGARUH CORTISOL
1. Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis di hati. Beberapa glukosa yang diproduksi di hati akan released into the blood, dan
sisanya di simpan dalam bentuk glikogen. Cortisol  meningkatkan konsentrasi gula darah  diabetes

2. Cortisol causes breakdown dari protein otot rangka  u/ dijadikan substrat gluconeogenesis

3. Meningkatkan lipolysis  asam lemak are available to peripheral tissues for energy use dan gliserol nya bisa
digunakan untuk gluconeogenesis

4. Mensupresi system imun  melalui bbrp pathway

5. Menyebabkan ber< intestinal calcium absorpsi dan meningkatkan ekskresi calcium  banyak calcium yang keluar

6. Berpengaruh pada otak  yaitu pada perubahan mood dan memory and learning alterations
7. Weight Gain and Obesity

A second way in which cortisol may be involved in weight gain goes back to the blood sugar-insulin problem.
Consistently high blood glucose levels along with insulin suppression lead to cells that are starved of glucose.
But those cells are crying out for energy, and one way to regulate is to send hunger signals to the brain. This
can lead to overeating. And, of course, unused glucose is eventually stored as body fat.

Another connection is cortisol’s effect on appetite and cravings for high-calorie foods. Studies have
demonstrated a direct association between cortisol levels and calorie intake in populations of women.3 Cortisol
may directly influence appetite and cravings by binding to hypothalamus receptors in the brain. Cortisol also
indirectly influences appetite by modulating other hormones and stress responsive factors known to stimulate
appetit
8. Fertility Problems

Elevated cortisol relating to prolonged stress can lend itself to erectile dysfunction or the disruption of normal
ovulation and menstrual cycles. Furthermore, the androgenic sex hormones are produced in the same glands as
cortisol and epinephrine, so excess cortisol production may hamper optimal production of these sex hormones

9. Cardiovascular disease

Cortisol constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure to enhance the delivery of oxygenated blood. This is
advantageous for fight-or-flight situations but not perpetually. Over time, such arterial constriction and high blood
pressure can lead to vessel damage and plaque buildup—the perfect scenario for a heart attack.
REFERENSI
https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/111609p38.shtml

Introduction to the HypothalamoPituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis by Igor Mitrovic, MD

The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress

Sean M. Smith, PhD;Wylie W.Vale, PhD