Kevin Rey E.

Caballeda
 Are sets of information; may it be numerical
or verbal, that are being gathered,
interpreted, analyzed, and used in order to
answer the research problem.

 Are collection of numbers quantities, facts,

or records used as bases for drawing
conclusions or making inferences. (Good, p.
155)
PRIMARY SOURCES
 Individual Person
 Organized Groups or Organizations
 Established Practices
 Original Documents
 Living Organisms
 Man-made Material Things
 Natural Objects or Phenomena
SECONDARY SOURCES
 BOOKS ( Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, etc.)
 PUBLISHED ARTICLES, JOURNALS,
MAGAZINES, PUBLICATIONS,
NEWSPAPERS ETC.
 UNPUBLISHED MASTER’S THESIS,
DISSERTATIONS AND OTHER STUDES
 MONOGRAPHS, MANUSCRIPTS, ETC.
 OTHER SECOND HAND SOURCES
◦ Primary data primarily give detailed
definitions of terms and statistical units
used in the survey.
◦ The primary data usually includes a
copy of the schedule and a description
of the procedure used in the selection
of the type of sample and in collecting
the data.
◦ Primary data gives the user an
idea of accuracy, applicability,
and limitation of the survey
results.
◦ The primary data are usually
broken down into finer
classifications.
◦ Secondary data are more convenient to
use because they are already condensed
and organized.
◦ The existence of library make Seconday
data more accessible.
◦ Analysis and interpretation of the data
can be done more easily using
Secondary data.
 Secondary data have usually little or no
explanatory notes and may contain clerical and
typographical mistakes which often arise from
transcription of the figures from the original or
primary source.
 Secondary data may lack authenticity because
parts of the document might be missing because
of age, and we might not be even to verify who
actually wrote the document, meaning we cannot
actually check whether its biased or not
(Thompson, Karl 2017)
Facts
 Are the recollections, observations, and
perceptions of respondents about
themselves and of the other people.
Respondents profile such as: Age, Sex,
Date of Birth, Civil Status, Telephone
Number, Nationality, Habits, Profession,
Social and Economic Status, etc. are the
examples of FACTS.
Attitudes and Feelings
 Are respondent’s ideas and thoughts about
the research topic, His personal feelings
about the worth of the item being
investigated.
 This type of data include the extent of
students attitude and feelings towards the
issues or state of affairs raised in the
research problem.
Judgements
 Are data that includes the respondent’s
ideas or opinion about, or his actual
behavior, in the given situation.
Psychomotor Skills
 Refers to the manipulative skills of the
individual and his activities that involve his
five senses. It also refers to the ability of a
thing.
Results of the Tests and Experiments
 Refers to the results of tests and experiments
are very important data especially in
psychology and in the physical, chemical, and
biological sciences.
 Much of the progress of mankind is due to
the results of tests and experiments performed
in connection with research.
 Clerical Tools
 The questionnaire method
 The interview method
 The empirical method
 The registration method
 The testing method
 The experimental method
 The library method
Mechanical Devices
 Microscopes
 Thermometers
 Cameras
 Telescopes
  Valid and Reliable
 Must be based upon the conceptual
framework
 The data gathered must suitable and
relevant to the research topic
 It must gather data that would test the
hypothesis or answer the questions
under investigation.
 Must be free from bias.
 It must contain only questions or items
that are unequivocal.
 It must contain clear and definite directions
to accomplish it.
 If the instruments is a mechanical device, it
must be the best or latest model.
 It must be accompanied by a good cover
letter
 It must be accompanied, if possible by a
letter of recommendation from a sponsor.