GROUP 1

ADONIS, JASPER
ALAMAEDA, PRINCESS
ANDRES, GIA
APO, DHANA
ACID-BASE BALANCE
● pH of a body’s fluid
• pH: measures [H+] in a solution
● Acid: [H+] donor
● Base: [H+] acceptor
● Normal pH: 7.35-7.45
●Buffers systems
— Chemical buffers
→release of [H+] as acids = ↑ pH
→binding [H+] as base = ↓pH
— Physiological buffers
→Renal system = removal of CO2
→Respiratory system= removal of hydrogen ions
Objectives

• To examine:
-hyperventilation
-rebreathing
-renal responses to respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis
-respiratory responses to metabolic acidosis
and metabolic alkalosis.
Methodology for PhysioEx Experiment 10
Act 1
The Start button
was clicked to
initiate the
normal breathing
pattern

Record Data was

clicked to show
the data in the
grid

The Start button

was clicked to
initiate the
normal breathing
 After the normal
breathing tracing runs for
10 seconds, the
Hyperventilation was
clicked to initiate the
hyperventilation
breathing pattern

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid

The Start button

was clicked to
initiate the
normal breathing

After the normal

breathing tracing runs for
10 seconds, the
Hyperventilation was
clicked to initiate the
hyperventilation
breathing pattern
After the hyperventilation
breathing tracing runs for
10 seconds, the Normal
breathing button was
clicked to return to the
normal breathing

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid
Methodology for PhysioEx Experiment 10
Act 2
The Start button
was clicked to
initiate the
normal breathing
pattern

Record Data was

clicked to show
the data in the
grid

The Start button

was clicked to
initiate the
normal breathing
 After the normal
breathing tracing runs for
10 seconds, the
Rebreathing button was
clicked to initiate the
rebreathing breathing
pattern

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid
Methodology for PhysioEx Experiment 10
Act 3
The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing to the
glomerulus to filter
the blood through
the kidney
When the [H+]
and [HCO3-] was
noted in the
urine, Record
Data was clicked
to show the data
in the grid

The Refill button

was clicked to
replenish the
source beaker
The Pco2 was lowered to
30 by clicking the –
button beside the Pco2
display. The
corresponding increase in
blood pH was noted.
The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing to the
glomerulus to filter
the blood through
the kidney
When the [H+]
and [HCO3-] was
noted in the
urine, Record
Data was clicked
to show the data
in the grid
The Refill button
was clicked to
replenish the
source beaker
The Pco2 was lowered to
30 by clicking the –
button beside the Pco2
display. The
corresponding increase in
blood pH was noted.
The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing to the
glomerulus to filter the
blood through the
kidney

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid
Methodology for PhysioEx Experiment 10
Act 4
The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing

Record Data was

clicked to show
the data in the
grid

The metabolic rate was

increased to 60 kcal/hr by
clicking the + button
beside the metabolic rate
display.
 The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing

Record Data was

clicked to show
the data in the
grid

Clear Tracings
button was
clicked to clear
the tracings in the
oscilloscope

The metabolic rate was

increased to 80 kcal/hr
by clicking the + button
beside the metabolic
rate display.
 The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid

Clear Tracings
button was
clicked to clear
the tracings in the
oscilloscope

The metabolic rate was

decreased to 40 kcal/hr by
clicking the - button beside
the metabolic rate display.
 The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid

Clear Tracings
button was
clicked to clear
the tracings in the
oscilloscope

The metabolic rate was

decreased to 40 kcal/hr by
clicking the - button beside
the metabolic rate display.
The Start button was
clicked to start the
blood flowing

Record Data was

clicked to display
the results in the
grid
Activity 1: Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation
Condition Min Max Min Max
PCO2 PCO2 pH pH

Normal 40 40 7.41 7.42

Hyperventilation 19.7 40 7.4 7.69
Hyperventilation/N
ormal 35.3 40 7.38 7.46

Table 1. PCO2 levels and pH levels during normal breathing,

hyperventilation, and in combination.
Normal Breathing vs.
Hyperventilation

Figure 1. Tracings in the oscilloscope during normal breathing Figure 2.

Tracings in oscilloscope during hyperventilation
Hyperventilation and Normal
Breathing

Figure 3. Tracing in the oscilloscope during hyperventilation

followed by normal breathing
Activity 2: Rebreathing
Rebreathing

Conditio Min Max

Min pH Max pH
n PCO2 PCO2

Normal 40 40 7.42 7.42

Rebreath
40 53.95 7.23 7.42
ing
Table 2. PCO2 levels and pH levels during normal breathing and
rebreathing.
Normal Breathing vs. Rebreathing

Figure 4. Tracing in the Figure 5. Tracings in the oscilloscope

oscilloscope during normal during rebreathing.
breathing.
Hyperventilation and Rebreathing
Hyperventilation Rebreathing
Exhalation > Inhalation Exhalation < Inhalation
PCO2 decreases PCO2 increases
pH level rises pH level drops
Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis
Retention of H+ ions Excretion of H+ ions
and excretion of
bicarbonate ions
 Activity 3
Renal Responses to Respiratory Acidosis and
Respiratory Alkalosis
 CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER:

RENAL RESPONSE

ACIDOSIS

ALKALOSIS

HYPERVENTILATION/
HYPOVENTILATION
Table 3. Values obtained in increasing and decreasing the PCO2 (mm Hg)

PCO2 Blood pH [H+] in Urine [HCO3-] in Urine

40 7.41 normal normal

30 7.61 decreased elevated

60 7.32 elevated decreased

NORMAL RANGE
PCO2: between 35 and 45 mm Hg
Blood pH: between 35 and 45
 RESPIRATORY

ACIDOSIS ALKALOSIS

• excess [H+] • excess [HCO3-]

• low pH • high pH
• Accumulation of CO2 • depletion of CO2
• Hypoventilation • Hyperventilation
 Activity 4
Respiratory Responses to Metabolic
Acidosis and Metabolic Alkalosis
 CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER:

RESPIRATORY RESPONSE

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

METABOLIC RATE
Table 4. Values obtained in raising and lowering the metabolic rate (kcal/hr)

Metabolic BPM Blood pH PCO2 [H+] in [HCO3-] in

rate Blood Blood
50 15 7.38 40 40 24
60 17 7.35 45 47 20
80 21 7.24 55 63 14.5
40 13 7.45 37 38 26
20 9 7.53 31 32 30
 METABOLIC

ACIDOSIS ALKALOSIS

• excess [H+] • excess [HCO3-]

• low pH • high pH
• Accumulation of CO2 • depletion of CO2
• HIGH METABOLIC RATE • LOW METABOLIC RATE

SOME CAUSES
SOME CAUSES
Ketoacidosis
vomiting
Ingestion of too much alcohol
constipation
Strenuous exercise
Conclusion
• Hyperventilation
-PCO2 level ↓, blood pH ↑ resulting in respiratory alkalosis.
• Rebreathing
-PCO2 ↑, pH levels ↓ resulting in respiratory acidosis.
• Renal responses
-↑PCO2 = ↓ pH results in respiratory acidosis
-↓PCO2 =↑ pH results in respiratory alkalosis
• Respiratory responses
-↑pH & [HCO3-] = ↓ PCO2 & [H+] results in metabolic alkalosis
-↓ pH & [HCO3-] =↑PCO2 & [H+] results in metabolic acidosis
References
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