CITATIONS AND

REFERENCING
APA STYLE
 WHY DO WE USE CITATIONS AND REFERENCING

• Avoid plagiarizing (Secondary reason)

• To solidify our opinions/ideas and to correlate other ideas

into our own. (Primary reason)
 WHAT IS “APA STYLE” ?

• AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

• Used by professionals in the scientific field, psychology field

and many more sciences including education

• Divided into two categories: In-text citations and Reference

 WHAT SOURCES CAN BE CITED
AND REFERENCED?
DO DON’T

BOOKS BLOGSPOT
JOURNALS WIKIPEDIA
VIDEO
WEBSITE
RECORDINGS
PERFORMANCE
 WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
• In-text Citations

• As mentioned by Paul (2016)…

• As stated by McKenzie & Gould (1996)…

• According to statistics, students preferred to watch

education videos rather than reading books (Ricardo,
2001).

• Students play truant due to the lack in motivation of

going to school (Jones, 2004, p. 18)
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
CONTINUE
• Direct Quotation (Part of the sentence)
Grapagrasem, Krishnan, & Mansor (2014) mentioned that “government believes
that using the Malay language in all aspects of the education system could
strengthen nation-building and national integration” (p. 91).

• Direct Quotation

“Government believes that using the Malay language in

all aspects of the education system could strengthen
nation-building and national integration” (Grapagrasem,
Krishnan, & Mansor, 2014, p. 91)
• Indirect quotation
According to Grapagrasem, Krishnan, & Mansor (2014), the
use of Malay Language in the overall areas of education
system can enhance our nation as well as bring forth
integration within the nation.
• Indirect quotation
The use of Malay Language in the overall areas of
education system can enhance our nation as well as
bring forth integration within the nation
(Grapagrasem, Krishnan, & Mansor , 2014)
 USING 2 OR MORE CITATIONS WITH THE SAME
AUTHOR IN THE SAME SOURCE

• Grapagrasem, Krishnan, & Mansor (2014) mentioned that “government

believes that using the Malay language in all aspects of the education
system could strengthen nation-building and national integration” (p. 91).

• Grapagrasem, et al, (2014) stated that ………..

• Citations from secondary sources

• As stated by Lee (2005), “history of higher education

in Malaysia has evolved through four phases which
are Education for Elites, Education for affirmative
action, Education as for business, Education for
global competition” (as cited by Grapagrasem,
Krishnan, & Mansor, 2014, p. 86)
 NO AUTHOR OR NO DATE
• No author
The Star Online (2018) reported that ……..

• No date
The Star Online (n.d.) reported that………
 ACTIVITY!
• FIND 1 IN-TEXT CITATION FROM ANY RELIABLE SOURCES
USING THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA:

A) Direct Quotation
1) Part of the sentence
2) End of the sentence

B) Indirect Quotation (Summarizing)

1) Part of the sentence
2) End of the sentence
REFERENCES