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Lecture-9

Sample Problems on Torsion


Sample Problem #

Alu min um Steel


Lal  6 ft  (6  12)" LSt  3 ft  (3 12)"
d al  3
" d St  2"
Gal  4  10 6 psi GSt  12 106 psi

T  10kip  inch
( max ) al  ?
( max ) St  ?
Lal  6 ft  (6 12)"
d al  3"
Gal  4 106 psi

LSt  3 ft  (3  12)"
d St  2"
GSt  12  10 6 psi
Sample Problem #

L  3'  3 12  36"


d  4"
T  15kip. ft
G  12 106 psi
 max  ?
 ?

Solution : Tr
 max 
J

d 4
J
32
 (4) 4
J  25.13inch 4
32
Tr
 max 
J

(15 103 12)  2


 max   14325.51 psi
25.13
 max  14.325 103 psi
 max  14.325ksi

TL 180  radian

JG 180
1radian 
15 103 12  (3 12) 

25.13  (12 106 ) 0.0215 180
0.0215radian 
  0.0215rad 
  1.23  0.0215radian  1.23
Sample Problem #

 max  3
L  6m
T  12kNm
N
G  83  109
m2
d min  ?
 max  ?
Solution :
TL
 d 4
JG J
TL 32
 4
d
G
32
32TL
 4
d G 1
32TL d
d4  
G
32(12 103 )(6) 180  radian
d 
4
3 
 ( )(83 109 ) 1  radian
180 180
d 4  10875m 4
d  0.1139m
d  113.9mm
d
 max 
Tr d 4 d  2r  r 
J 2
J 32

d
T
 max  24
d
32
Td 32
 max  
2 d 4
16T
 max  3
d

16  (12 103 )
 max 
 (0.1339)3
 max  41.277 Mpa
Sample Problem #

D  100mm
d  80mm
 max  60MPa
 max
 max  0.5 deg/ m   0.5
L
N
G  83 109
m2
T ?
Based on maximum allowable shearing stress :
TR
 max 
J
D
T
  2
max

(D4  d 4 )
32
16TD
 max 
 (D4  d 4 )

 max  ( D 4  d 4 )
T
16 D
 (60 106 ){( 0.1) 4  (0.08) 4 }
T
16(0.1)
T  6955 N  m
Based on maximum allowable angle of twist :

TL

JG

 L TL
 0.5 
L 360 JG
  0.5  L L TL

L 360 G  ( D 4  d 4 )
  ( )
2 32
L   2G ( D 4  d 4 )
 (  )rad 180  radian T
2 180 1 

radian
360  32
L 180
 2 (83  109 ){( 0.1) 4  (0.08) 4 }
 ( )rad T
360 360  32
T  4198.283 N  m

Use the smaller torque, T = 4 198.28 N·m.


Sample Problem #

d  40mm  40 10 3 m  0.04m


D  60mm  60 10 3 m  0.06m
L  1.5m
 max  120MPa  120 106 N / m 2
T ?
TR
 max  d  2r  r 
d
J 2
TD
 max 
2J
2 J max
T
D

 
J (D4  d 4 )  {( 0.06) 4  (0.04) 4 }  1.02 10 6 m 4
32 32

2 J max
T
D
2 1.02  10 6  120 10 6
T
0.06
T  4.08 103 N  m
T  4.08 KN  m
Bending
So far we studied how to calculate the stresses and strains in prismatic
members subjected to axial loads or to twisting couples.

We are now going to analyze the stresses and strains in prismatic members
subjected to bending.

Bending is a major concept used in the design of many machine and structural
components, such as beams.
The way a part is loaded determines whether it is called a tensile or compressive
member, a torsional shaft, or a beam.

If you take a ½ inch diameter steel rod and pull it lengthwise, the rod will develop a
tensile stress σ = P / A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Loading the rod in tension parallel to its axis makes the rod a tensile member; loading
it in compression parallel to its axis makes it a compressive member.

If you twist the steel rod with torque T, then we call it a torsional shaft. If loading is
perpendicular (transverse) to its axis so that the rod bends, then the rod called a
beam. You can load a beam with point loads, uniformly distributed loads, or non
uniformly distributed loads.
Shear and Moment in Beams
Beams are important structural and mechanical elements in engineering.

Beams are structural members which offer resistance to bending due to applied
loads.

In this chapter, we will determine the stress in these members caused by bending.

Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to
their longitudinal axis are called beams.

In general, beams are long, straight bars having a constant cross-sectional area.

Examples include members used to support the floor of a building, the deck of a
bridge, or the wings of an aircraft.

Also, the axle of an automobile, the boom of a crane etc.

Slender: Having little


width in proportion to
height or length
Wing of a commercial airplane. Aircraft wings can be analyzed for stresses and
deformations by modeling them as cantilever beams.
Deck of a bridge

Axle of an automobile
Power-generating turbines on a
wind farm.

The supporting columns can be


modeled as beams subjected to
wind loading.

The determination of shear forces


and bending moments in beams
caused by various load conditions
is the topic of this chapter.
Because of the applied loadings, beams develop an internal shear force and bending
moment that, in general, vary from point to point along the axis of the beam.

In order to properly design a beam, it is first necessary to determine the maximum shear
and moment in the beam.

One way to do this is to express V and M as functions of the arbitrary position x along the
beam’s axis. These shear and moment functions can then be plotted and represented by
graphs called shear and moment diagrams. The maximum values of V and M can then
be obtained from these graphs.

Also, since the shear and moment diagrams provide detailed information about the
variation of the shear and moment along the beam’s axis, they are often used by
engineers to decide where to place reinforcement materials within the beam or how to
proportion the size of the beam at various points along its length.

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