KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS

Sukiswo
sukiswok@yahoo.com

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 1

Pendahuluan
 Tujuan : menjelaskan dasar-dasar
komunikasi wireless

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 2

Outline
 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel
 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Macam2 Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Kontent & Aplikasi
 Spektrum Frekuensi
 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal
 Mode Komunikasi

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 3

 Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan
frekuensi/spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan
transmisi (pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi
(suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik
 Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan
koneksi fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau
fiber optik
 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)
 Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita
frekuensi), karena adanya interferensi (saling
mengganggu) jika digunakan bersama

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 4

Komunikasi Nirkabel

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 5

Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang
elektromagnetik
 Gelombang elektromagnetik
• Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)
• Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l)
» c=fxl
• Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya
medium meredam lebih besar

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 6

Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile)
 Bisa bersifat lebih personal
 Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal:
– Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop)
– Tombol terbatas
– Daya terbatas

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 7

Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel
contoh :
point to point communication, infra
Non
red communication, LMDS,
Cellular
Fixed Microwave communication
Wireless
contoh :

Cellular PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800,

DECT
Wireless
Communication contoh :
Non paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC)
Cellular , dispatching system, PAMR (Public
Access Mobile Radio) dsb
Mobile
Wireless contoh :

Cellular GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS,

PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS,
C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 8

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel
 Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):
– Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)
– Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)
– Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah
– WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi
– WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi
– Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah
– RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil
 Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):
– Limited Mobility (Flexi)
– Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G)
– Satellite (GMPCS)

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 9

 Macam2 Teknologi Nirkabel
Degree of mobility

UMTS
Driving

CDMA
Systems
GSM beyond 3G
GPRS >2010

UMTS
Walking

HSDPA
EDGE EV-DO
EV-DV IEEE
802.16e
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
Standing

DECT
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x) IEEE
BlueTooth 802.16a,d
0.1 1 10 100 Mbps
User data rate

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 10

Standard Nirkabel
IEEE 802.15.4 Sensors RFID
(Zigbee Alliance) (BAN) (AutoID Center)

BAN: Body Area Network

IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19

RAN
IEEE 802.22
WAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
IEEE 802.20 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA

IEEE 802.16d MAN ETSI HiperMAN

WiMAX &
HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.11 LAN ETSI-BRAN
Wi-Fi Alliance HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.15.3 UWB,

Bluetooth PAN ETSI
Wi-Media, BTSIG, HiperPAN
MBOA

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 11

 System Evolution Scenario
st 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation
Generation 1 Generation
Digital voice & Voice & High speed ALL-IP Broadband
(Cellular) Analog voice
Low rate data data Ubiquitous & Seamless
Multimedia

1000 WLAN++

WLAN+
rate
Maximum transmission

802.11n, etc.
4G
TRmax Mbps

100 WiMAX
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc.
HIPERLAN2, etc.
（ 3G+
10 Nomadic HSDPA,
cdma2000(3X), etc.
）
3G
1 Bluetooth, etc.
W-CDMA,
Local Cdma2000, etc.

0.1
2G+
Mobile PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
0.01 PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
～1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 12

GSM Evolution

UMTS
GSM CS GSM GPRS
Up to 2 Mbps
Up to 9,6 Kbps Up to 115 kbps
or 384 in mobility

2G GSM HSCSD 3G
Up to 38,4 kbps 2.5G

EDGE

Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to
GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 13

CDMA Standards Evolution
IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps
IS-95A CDMA IS-95B CDMA
600 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DO
Voice, packet- Voice, packet-
9.6/14.4 Kbps 64 Kbps 600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak

All IP

Source: CDMA2000-A world view

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 14

IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)
IMT-2000 Terrestrial
Radio Interfaces

IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000

CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA FDMA/
Direct Spread Multi Carrier TDD Single Carrier TDMA

WCDMA CDMA2000 UTRA TDD UWC-136/ DECT

(UMTS) 1X and 3X And TD-SCDMA EDGE

CDMA TDMA FDMA

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 15

Content & Aplikasi

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 16

Spektrum frekuensi
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Alokasi Frekeunsi !
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 17
Contoh : panjang gelombang
 GSM :
– Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
 PCS
– Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
– Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 18

Frequency Carrier/Kanal
– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver
dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu.
• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
– Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap
(dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate)
– Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat
digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi
secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple
access).

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 19

Example
– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and
B
– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
– There are 3 channels
– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one
way)
– For full duplex communication:
» Use two different
Channel 1 (b -channels
b+30) (front and reverse
channels)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B
» Use time division in a channel
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 20

Simplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can
transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
• We can use Time Division Multiplexing

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 21

Duplex Communication - FDD
 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal B
Reverse Channel
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency

bands

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 22

 Duplex Communication - TDD
 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time

slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 23

 Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation
in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 24

What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are
static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
 Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment
to the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 25
Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
• Low speed
• Small roaming area
• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
 Vehicles
• High speeds
• Large roaming area
• Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
• Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 26

The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
– Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
– Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make
your life more easier.
– Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services

TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 27