Packages:

• Packages are Java’s way of grouping a variety

of classes / interfaces together.
• Packages act as containers for classes.
• Two classes in two different packages can have
the same name.
• Packages provide a way to hide classes thus
preventing other programs or packages from
accessing classes that are meant for internal use
only.
Java API Packages (Pre-defined packages)
• Java API provides a large number of classes grouped
into different packages according to functionality.

Java

lang util io awt net applet

Cont.
• java.lang: Language support classes. These are
the classes that Java compiler itself uses and
therefore they are automatically imported. They
include classes of primitive types, strings, math
functions, threads and exceptions.

• java.util: Language utility classes such as vector,

hash tables, random numbers, data etc.

• java.io: Input/output support classes. They

provide facilities for the input and output of data
Cont.
• java.awt: set of classes for implementing
graphical user interface. They include classes for
windows, buttons, lists, menus and so on.

• java.net: Classes for networking. They include

classes for communicating with local computers
as well as with internet servers.

• java.applet: Classes for creating and

implementing applets.
Hierarchical representation of java.awt.package

java
awt

Color

Graphics
java
Font

Image
Accessing the classes from packages

• The syntax for accessing the package is:

import packagename.classname;
or
import packagename.*;
Eg:
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.*;
Creating own packages

• First declare the name of the package using

the package keyword followed by a
package name.
• This must be the first statement in a java
source file.
• Then define the class.
Cont.
• Declare the package at the beginning of a file
using the syntax:
package packagename;
• Define the class that is to be put in the package
and declare it public.
• Create a subdirectory under the directory where
the main source files are stored.
• Store the listing as the classname.java in the
subdirectory created.
• Compile the file. This creates .class file in the
subdirectory.
Cont.
• Java also supports the concept of package hierarchy.
This is done by specifying multiple names in a package
statement, separated by dots.
package firstPackage.secondPackage;
• This approach allows us to group related classes into a
package and then group related packages into a larger
package.
• Remember to store this package in a subdirectory
named firstPackage\secondPackage.
• A java package file can have more than one class
definitions. In such cases, only one of the classes may
be declared public and that class name with .java
extension is the source file name.
Syntax
package firstPackage ;
public class FirstClass
{
//body of the class
}
• Here the package name is firstPackage. The class
FirstClass is now considered a part of this package.
This listing would be saved as a file called
FirstClass.java, and located in a directory named
firstPackage. When the source file is compiled, Java
will create a .class file and store it in the same
directory.
Accessing a package
• The import statement can be used to search a list of
packages for a particular class.
• The general form of import statement for searching a
class is as follows:
import package [.package2] [.package3].classname;
• here pakcage1 is the name of the top level package,
package2 is the name of the package that is inside the
package1, and so on.
• Finally the explicit class name is specified.
• The statement must end with a semicolon (;).
 Cont.
import firstPackage.secondPackage.MyClass ;
• After defining this statement, all the members of the class
MyClass can be directly accessed using the class name of it
objects directly without using the package name.
• We can also use another approach as follows:
import packagename.*;
• Here packagename may denote a single package or a hierarchy
or packages.
• The star (*) indicates that the compiler should search this entire
package hierarchy when it encounters a class name.
• This implies that we can access all classes contained in the
above package.
 Using a package
• Consider a package named package1 containing
a single class ClassA.
package package1;
public class ClassA
{
public void displayA()
{
System.out.println(“Class A”);
}
}
Cont.

• This source file should be named ClassA.java

and stored in the subdirectory package1.
• Compile this java file.
• The resultant ClassA.class will be stored in the
same subdirectory.
Cont.

import package1.ClassA;
class PackageTest1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ClassA objectA = new ClassA();
objectA.displayA();
}
}
Cont.
• Now consider another package named package2 containing again
a single class as below:
package package2;
public class ClassB
{
protected int m = 10 ;
public void displayB()
{
System.out.println(“Class B”);
System.out.println(“m = “ + m);
}
}
• The source file and the compiled file of this package are located
in the subdirectory package2.
Importing classes from other packages
import package1.ClassA;
import package2.*;
class PackageTest2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ClassA objectA = new ClassA();
ClassB objectB = new ClassB();
objectA.displayA();
objectB.displayB();
}
}
• When we import packages it is likely that two or more
packages contain classes with identical names:

package pack1; package pack2;

public class Teacher public class Courses
{ ……… } { ………. }
public class Student public class Student
{ ……… } { ………. }
Cont.
import pack1.*;
import pack2.*;
class TestPackage
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
Student student1 = new Student();
Student student2 = new Student();
Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
Courses course = new Courses();
--------
--------
}

Since both packages contain the class Student, compiler

cannot understand which one to use and therefore generates
an error.
The above problem can be solved by specifying the name of
the packages having classes with the same name, while
defining the objects.
import pack1.*;
import pack2.*;
class TestPackage
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
pack1.Student student1 = new Student();
pack2.Student student2 = new Student();
Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
Courses course = new Courses();
--------
--------
}
Subclassing an imported class
• It is also possible to subclass a class that has been imported from
another package.
import package2.ClassB;
class ClassC extends ClassB
{
int n = 20;
void displayC()
{
System.out.println(“Class C”);
System.out.println(“m = “ + m);
System.out.println(“n = “ + n);
}
}
Cont.
class PackageTest3
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ClassC objectC = new ClassC( );
objectC.displayB();
objectC.displayC(); Class B
}
M = 10
}
Class C
M= 20
N = 20