GINJAL
8
* Functional unit of the kidney
* 1 nephron = 1 glomerolus + 1
tubulus renalis (capsule bowman,
tubulus proximaliS, ansa henle,
tubulus distalis)
* Filtration, tubular reabsorption,
tubular secretion
* Renal corpuscle:
* Glomerulus –
capillaries
* Glomerular or
Bowman’s capsule
9
* Bowman’s capsule
* Receives filtrate
* Proximal convoluted tubule
* Reabsorption of water and solutes
* Nephron loop or Loop of Henle
* Regulates concentration of urine
* Distal convoluted tubule and Collecting duct
*Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
*ADH, aldosterone
* Tubular secretion
10
* Juxtaglomerular cells lie in the wall of afferent arteriole
* Macula densa in final portion of loop of Henle – monitor Na+
and Cl- conc. and water
* Control blood flow into the glomerulus
* Control glomerular filtration
12
*Filtrasi
proses penyaringan plasma dari kapiler ke kapsula bowman
*Reabsorpsi
perpindahan zat dari lumen tubulus ke kapiler tubulus
*Sekresi
perpindahan zat dari kapiler ke lumen tubulus
* Filtration membrane
* Fenestrated endothelium of capillaries
* Basement membrane of glomerulus
* Slit membrane between pedicels of podocytes
15
* Rate (GFR): 125 mL/min (normal)
* Substances “Filtered”:
* water, electrolytes (Na, K, etc.), sugars (glucose), nitrogenous
waste (urea, creatinine)
* Substances “Excluded”:
* Substances of size > 70 kDa
* Plasma protein bound substances
18
* Blood pressure and blood flow
* Obstruction to urine outflow
* Loss of protein-free fluid
* Hormonal regulation
* Renin – angiotensin
* Aldosterone
* ADH
19
* Proximal Tubules: GF: 120-125 mL/min
* Reabsorption of water and sodium (60%), Na (55%), Cl,
phosphate, amino acids, glucose and bicarbonate (85%).
* Loop of Henle: (30 mL/min)
* Na/K/2Cl Cotransporter (25% Na reabsorbed)
* Water impermeable: Hypertonic medullary inst
* Ca & Mg paracellular diffusion
* Distal Tubules:
* EDT: Na/Cl cotransporter; Ca/Na counter transport
* LDT: Na Channels, K channels, H pump: Aldosterone reg.
* Collecting Tubules: 5-10 mL/min
* Water channels: Vasopressin regulated
* Ureters: 1-2 mL/min (stored inbladder until voiding)
20
21
22
23
25
*Perpindahan molekul
dari ECF ke lumen
tubulus
*Difusi zat dari kapiler
peritubulus ke
intersitium → zat
menuju lumen tubulus
gd melewati tight
junction/ membran
basolateral & membran
apikal (jalur
transelular)
*Mengontrol metabolisme air,
mempertahankan osmolalitas darah
*Osmoreseptor di hipotalamus mendeteksi
level air yang rendah mengirim impuls ke
pituitary ADH dilepaskan ke sirkulasi
*ADH membuat dinding duktus kolektivus
lebih permeabel terhadap air
*Sehingga, jika ADH lebih banyak air
yang direabsorbsi urin lebih pekat dan
sedikit
27
*Urinalisis murah, non invasif, memiliki
banyak kepentingan klinis
29
* Red blood cells – should be few or none
* Hematuria – large numbers of rbc’s in urine
Hematuria sering merupakan tanda adanya penyakit ginjal
(glumerulonefritis) atau penyakit saluran kemih bagian bawah
(infeksi, batu, trauma dan neoplasma)
31
* Acetone
* Bile, bilirubin
* Glucose
* Protein – albumin
*Renal disease involving glomerulus
32
Bilirubinuria
Bilirubinuria tjd:
Hepatitis A / B
Sumbatan saluran empedu:
misal : - batu,
- Ca caput pancreas
*Nilai ambang (Renal threshold) thd glukosa:
kadar glukosa darah reabsorbsi glukosa di
tubuli terhenti ( normal: 160 – 180 mg/dl)
*Glukosuria tjd :
- Diabetes mellitus
- Gangguan reabsorbsi glukosa di tubuli :
sindroma fanconi ; penyakit ginjal parah
- Kerusakan otak
- Sindroma Cushing
*Ekskresi protein dalam urine > 150 mg/hr
*Kerusakan membran glomerolus →
kebocoran protein → protein dalam urine
meningkat (proteinuria)
*Penyebab Proteinuria:
- Fungsional
- Aliran keluar (prarenal)
- Glomerulus
- Tubulus
*TERIMA KASIH
*Beberapa mineral yang mengkristal dapat
ditemukan di sepanjang traktus urinarius
*Contoh : renal calculi/ nephrolithiases
*Insiden:
*Men > women, 4:1
*Calcium oxalate/ calcium phosphate stones:
* 75%–80% of all stones, calcium metabolism problems, dehydration
*Struvite stones:
* Associated with kidney infection; “staghorn calculus”; 15% of all
stones (Fig. 9.2)
*Uric acid stones:
* Too much uric acid, associated with gout; approximately 6% of all
stones
*Cystine stones:
* Genetic dysfunction with metabolism of cystine; 2% of all stones
*Other stones:
* Related to medications, other medical problems
Sindroma klinis yang ditandai dengan penurunan laju
filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) yang mendadak (Beberapa
jam smp hari), umumnya disertai dengan azotemia
dengan atau tanpa penurunan jumlah urin (oliguria /
anuria)
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1. Penyakit ginjal diabetik :
Diabetes tipe 1 dan 2
2. Penyakit ginjal non-diabetik :
Pyk glomerulus (otoimun,infeksi sistemik,obat2an,keganasan)
Pyk pembuluh darah (pyk PD besar,HT,mikroangiopati)
Pyk tubulointerstitial (ISK,batu,obstruksi,keracunan obat)
Pyk kista (ginjal polikistik)
3. Penyakit pada transplantasi:
Rejeksi kronik
Toksisitas obat (siklosporin atu takrolimus)
Pyk rekuren (pyk glomerulus)
Glomerulopati transplant
* Faktor klinis
diabetes,HT,pyk otoimun,infeksi sistemik,ISK,batu sal
kemih,obstruksi sal kemih bawah,keganasan,rwyt
keluarga dg PGK,sembuh dr GGA,pe↓massa
ginjal,terpapar obat tt,BBLR
* Faktor Sosiodemografis
usia lanjut,terpapar thd beberapa kondisi kimiawi dan
lingkungan pendidikan/pendapatan rendah
*Kerusakan struktur nephron permanen
*Hiperfiltrasi dikompensasi glumerular sclerosis
*Penurunan cadangan fungsi ginjal
*Gabungan efek toksik dari:
*Penumpukan sisa metabolisme (urea)
*Peningkatan produk hormon (renin)
*Penurunan produk ginjal (eritropoietin; insulinase)
*Gangguan ekskresi ginjal:
*Gangguan elektrolit cairan tubuh
*Gangguan kinerja enzim
*Asidosis metabolik
*Gangguan kinerja sistem (Kardio-pulmoner;
Hematologik; Gastro-intestinal; Endokrin &
Dermatologik
*Klinis
Tanda, gejala, pemeriksaan fisik.
*Laboratoris
Ureum ↑, kreatitin ↑, asam urat ↑
*Tes klirens kreatinin (TKK)
Kreatinin urin(mg/dL) x vol.urin(mL/24 jam
Kreatinin serum(mg/dL) x 1440
*Rumus Cockrof-Gault
LFG = (140-umur) x BB (Kg)
72 x kreatinin serum (mg/dL
Wanita = 0,85 x pria
= renal disease outcomes quality initiative
*based on the ultra-filtration rate of the
glomeruli in the kidney
Stadium GFR with proteinuria without proteinuria
renal disease with mild renal mild renal insufficiency, but no renal
2 60 – 89
insufficiency disease